Properties of Old Concrete Built in the Former Leipziger Palace
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Measurements of Dry Density
2.2. Tests of Water Absorption
2.3. Determination of Concrete Compressive Strength
2.4. Determination of Concrete Frost Resistance
2.5. Determination of Elasticity Modulus
2.6. Determination of the pH Value
2.7. Measurement of Water-Soluble Chloride Ions (Cl−) and Sulfate Ions (SO42−)
2.8. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Combined with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS)
2.9. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analyses
3. Laboratory Test Results and Discussion
3.1. Measurement of Dry Density
3.2. Measurement of Water Uptake Capacity (Water Absorption Test)
3.3. Old Concrete Compressive Strength
3.4. Old Concrete Frost Resistance
3.5. Modulus of Elasticity in Compression
3.6. Determination of the pH Value
3.7. Measurement of Water-Soluble Chloride Ions (Cl−) and Sulfate Ions (SO42−)
3.8. Results of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Combined with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS)
3.9. X-ray Diffraction Analyses
4. Conclusions
- The mean dry density value equalled 2114 kg/m3 and fulfilled the requirements for normal weight concrete.
- The mean value of the water absorption of old concrete equalled 5.39 ± 0.13%, and this concrete could be categorized as having a poor concrete quality.
- The determined characteristic in situ compressive cube strength fck,is,cube of the concrete in the old structure equalled 11.4 MPa. while the mean in situ compressive strength value was 19.7 ± 2.8 MPa.
- The C8/10 compressive strength class was estimated for the old concrete basement walls structures.
- The old concrete did not have freezing resistance properties due to a more than 20% difference between the compressive strength before and after 50 freezer cycles, and because cracks appeared on the old concrete cores after 50 freezer cycles.
- The mean value of the stabilized secant modulus of elasticity EC,S was 17.95 GPa.
- The mean value of the pH of the investigated old concrete was 12.33 ± 0.06 and was in the safety range.
- The changes in the chemical and mineral composition of the concrete structure had an impact on its porosity/permeability as a function of the time of exposure to atmospheric conditions and water.
- Taking into account the data, the content of chloride and sulphate ions were 0.03 ± 0.11 and 0.02 ± 0.06% dry weight in the concrete, respectively. The obtained values were the result of the chemical processes occurring in the concrete.
- The chemical composition (SEM/EDS) and X-ray composition (XRD) indicated the domination of certain compounds in the old concrete structure, such as calcium-magnesium–aluminium–silicate hydrate (C-M-A-S-H), CaCO3 (calcite), and Ca(OH)2–portlandite.
- The old concrete had a layer structure formed from the products of the cement hydration process.
- The registered chemical compounds were the products of the reacted clinker phases included in the cement used for concrete, including many years of exposure to the atmospheric conditions and water.
- The old concrete did not meet most of the current standard requirements (see Appendix A, Table A1), nevertheless, after proper protection and strengthening of the old building structural system, it could carry new design loads for an extended working life.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Properties | Investigated Old Concrete | Requirements for New Concrete |
---|---|---|
concrete strength class | C8/10 | min. C16/20 or C30/37 for XC2 or XA1 exposure class |
dry density | 2124 kg/m3 | about 2300 kg/m3 |
water absorption | 5.26% | below 4% |
frost resistance | not passed | yes |
modulus of elasticity | 17.95 GPa | 29–32 GPa |
pH value | 12.33 | 12.5 to 13.5 |
chloride ions by mass of cement | 0.5% | below 0.2% |
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Investigation Subject | References | Location |
---|---|---|
123-year-old concrete bridge | Paulík [17] | Slovakia |
107-year-old bridge | Rabiega et al. [18] | Poland |
104-year-old bridge | Sena-Cruz et al. [19] | Portugal |
100-year-old bridge | Słomka-Słupik et al. [20] | Poland |
100-year-old reinforced concrete dome | Onysyk et al. [21] | Poland |
100-year-old bridge | Witzany and Zigler [22] | Czech Republic |
100-year-old reinforced concrete flat slab bridge | Wolert et al. [23] | USA |
100-year-old reinforced concrete viaduct | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiecka and Tucholsk [24] | Poland |
95-year-old viaduct | Hellebois et al. ([25,26]) | Belgium |
95-year-old concrete dam | Blanco et al. [27] | Spain |
95-year-old concrete arch bridge | Ambroziak and Malinowski [28], Ambroziak et al. [29] | Poland |
90-year old concrete mortar | Trägårdh and Lagerblad [30] | Sweden |
84-year-old reinforced concrete bridge | Gebauer and Harni [31] | Switzerland |
80-year-old reinforced concrete structure | Melchers and Chaves [32] | Australia |
70-years-old concrete office building | Ambroziak et al. [33] | Poland |
63-year-old reinforced concrete promenade | Melchers et al. [34] | Scotland |
60-year-old concrete pier | Castro-Borges et al. [35] | Mexico |
60-years-old reinforced concrete elevated water tanks | Dilena et al. [36] | Italy |
57-years-old concrete viaducts | Medeiros-Junior et al. [37] | Brazil |
50-years-old reinforced concrete trough bridge | Richard et al. [38] | Sweden |
48-year-old concrete bridge girders | Pettigrew et al. [39] | USA |
45-year-old Sorell Causeway bridge | Papé and Melchers [40] | Australia |
40-year-old reinforced concrete beams | Dasar et al. [41] | Japan |
40-year-old concrete bridge girder | Czaderski and Motavalli [42] | Switzerland |
30-to-50-year-old concrete structures | Sohail et al. [43] | Arabian Gulf region |
20-year-old concrete office building | Qazweeni and Daoud [44] | Kuwait |
28-year-old reinforced concrete arch ribs | Zhang et al. [45] | China |
28-year-old concrete | Prassianakis and Giokas [46] | Greece |
26-year-old reinforced concrete beam | Khan et al. [47] | France |
10-year-old concrete | Chen [48] | China |
10-year-old crumb rubber concrete bridge deck | Zhu et al. [49] | China |
5-year-old concrete prepared with recycled aggregates | Kou and Poon [50] | China |
4-year-old mortar cement | Dasar et al. [51] | Japan |
Type of Element | Mg | Al | Si | S | K | Na | Ca | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 0.24 | 3.94 | 43.85 | 0.39 | 1.93 | 0.22 | 41.18 | 8.25 |
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Ambroziak, A.; Haustein, E. Properties of Old Concrete Built in the Former Leipziger Palace. Materials 2022, 15, 673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15020673
Ambroziak A, Haustein E. Properties of Old Concrete Built in the Former Leipziger Palace. Materials. 2022; 15(2):673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15020673
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmbroziak, Andrzej, and Elżbieta Haustein. 2022. "Properties of Old Concrete Built in the Former Leipziger Palace" Materials 15, no. 2: 673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15020673