Analysis of Tribological Properties of Powdered Tool Steels M390 and M398 in Contact with Al2O3
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Heat Treatment
2.2. Evaluation of Hardness and Roughness
2.3. Dry Sliding Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Heat Treatment on the Amount of Residual Austenite and Tempering Diagrams
3.2. Comparison Hardness of Powder Tool Steels M390 and M398 after Tempering
3.3. Roughness of Al2O3 Balls and Tool Steel
3.4. Wear Comparison of Materials M390 and M398
3.5. Comparison of Al2O3 Pressure Ball Wear
3.6. Comparison of Extruded Material
3.7. Coefficient of Friction
3.8. Wear Mechanisms
3.9. Analysis of Surface Roughness
4. Conclusions
- The hardness of the contact pairs significantly influences the wear process of the pre-sented experimental steels, M390 and M398, because their chemical composition affects the formation of carbide particles that increase hardness and, at the same time, reduce the resulting wear in favor of the M398 material.
- The highest hardness of material M398 was achieved at a tempering temperature of 400 °C in both types of hardening materials. M390 reached the highest hardness during hardening without freezing at a temperature of 200 °C. Cryogenic hardening has led to an increase in hardness for both steels at approximately 830 HV and is, therefore, recommended in the thermal process for both materials at a subsequent tempering temperature of 400 °C.
- The M398 material showed more than a 400% reduction in wear compared to the M390 material after cryogenic hardening. The lowest wear values were recorded at tempering temperatures of 200 °C and 400 °C after cryogenic quenching and had a value of approx. 0.1 mm3.
- The 3D surface texture parameter of the worn grooves on the M398 materials showed lower values than for the M390 material. The lowest values of the parameter Sa were achieved on samples that did not undergo the process of cryogenic hardening on material M398 and their average value was Sa = 0.05 µm.
- The effect of plastic deformation in the form of the extruded material on the edges of the friction surfaces was observed to the greatest extent at the highest tempering temperature of 600 °C. At a given temperature, there was a significant decrease in the hardness of the base matrix in all samples of both types of experimental materials. Therefore, this temperature is no longer recommended for tempering.
- The results of the coefficient of friction show that material M398 puts less resistance in the friction process and its values are approximately 0.25, while material M390 showed a COF value of 0.3, after the cryogenic hardening process. The difference in COF values was higher for samples that did not undergo a cryogenic treatment process.
- Increasing the temperature also changes the type of wear. At 200 °C and 400 °C, there was predominantly only purely adhesive wear with small evenly spaced oxidation areas. At a temperature of 600 °C, two types of wear occur: adhesive and abrasive. The oxidizing layers form large continuous areas. These results were the same for both materials.
- Experimental material M398 can fully replace material M390 in processes where its degradation occurs due to the friction mechanism. The M398 material showed significantly better results in all the values we measured. The inclusion of cryogenic hardening in the production process of M398 material is recommended by us. The ideal tempering temperature for achieving the highest wear resistance is 400 °C. A component composed of M398 can be expected to last several times longer in the working environment, up to 200 °C, than M390. Despite the higher purchase price of the M398 material, it is possible to assume its return and overall savings in operation in the work process cycle, e.g., injection molding machines in the plastics industry.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | C | Si | Mn | Cr | Mo | V | W |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BOHLER M390 | 1.90 | 0.70 | 0.30 | 20.00 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 0.60 |
Spectral analysis M390 | 1.98 | 0.79 | 0.38 | 20.37 | 0.85 | 4.02 | 0.53 |
BOHLER M398 | 2.70 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 20.00 | 1.00 | 7.20 | 0.70 |
Spectral analysis M398 | 2.65 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 20.09 | 1.00 | 7.10 | 0.43 |
Modulus of Elasticity [103 N/mm2] | Impact KV/Ku [J] | Tensile Strength [MPa] | Proof Strength Rp0.2 (MPa) | Thermal Conductivity [W/m°K] | Specific Heat [J/kg°K] | Elongation [%] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M390 | 227 | 34 | 898 | 172 | 16.5 | 480 | 33 |
M398 | 231 | 35 | 1078.5 | 183 | 15.2 | 490 | 31 |
Quenching Samples | Quenching Samples with Deep Freezing | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tempering Temperature [°C] | Tempering Temperature [°C] | |||||
Material | 200 [°C] | 400 [°C] | 600 [°C] | 200 [°C] | 400 [°C] | 600 [°C] |
M390 | 735 ± 6 | 717 ± 12 | 455 ± 34 | 758 ± 6 | 833 ± 9 | 486 ± 28 |
M398 | 806.5 ± 8 | 815 ± 11 | 506 ± 22 | 785 ± 9 | 830 ± 10 | 480 ± 25 |
Sample | Sa Material [µm] | Sa Ball [µm] | Sample | Sa Material [µm] | Sa Ball [µm] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M390_200DF | 0.16 ± 0.05 | 0.60 ± 0.16 | M398_200DF | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.45 ± 0.11 |
M390_400DF | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.34 ± 0.09 | M398_400DF | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.44 ± 0.11 |
M390_600DF | 0.13 ± 0.04 | 0.41 ± 0.10 | M398 _600DF | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.44 ± 0.10 |
M390_200 | 0.32 ±0.08 | 0.50 ± 0.13 | M398 _200 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.49 ± 0.12 |
M390_400 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.76 ± 0.18 | M398 _400 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.09 |
M390_600 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.49 ± 0.11 | M398 _600 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.32 ± 0.09 |
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Studeny, Z.; Krbata, M.; Dobrocky, D.; Eckert, M.; Ciger, R.; Kohutiar, M.; Mikus, P. Analysis of Tribological Properties of Powdered Tool Steels M390 and M398 in Contact with Al2O3. Materials 2022, 15, 7562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217562
Studeny Z, Krbata M, Dobrocky D, Eckert M, Ciger R, Kohutiar M, Mikus P. Analysis of Tribological Properties of Powdered Tool Steels M390 and M398 in Contact with Al2O3. Materials. 2022; 15(21):7562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217562
Chicago/Turabian StyleStudeny, Zbynek, Michal Krbata, David Dobrocky, Maros Eckert, Robert Ciger, Marcel Kohutiar, and Pavol Mikus. 2022. "Analysis of Tribological Properties of Powdered Tool Steels M390 and M398 in Contact with Al2O3" Materials 15, no. 21: 7562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217562