Synthesis of Geopolymer from a Novel Aluminosilicate-Based Natural Soil Precursor Using Electric Oven Curing for Improved Mechanical Strength
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil Treatment
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Characterization Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Density and Porosity Evaluation
3.2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
3.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.4. Mechanical Strength Analysis
3.5. Comparative Analysis with Published Works
4. Conclusions
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- A high aluminosilicate content in NS is critical to achieving high-strength GPs.
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- The optimization of the soil-to-alkali or solid-to-water ratio is crucial to maximize the degree of GPN.
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- Curing in a microwave or an electric oven significantly influences the porosity and strength levels of the prepared GPs.
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- High-strength GPs are desirable to improve structural integrity, while highly porous GPs may be exploited as thermal insulators.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Components | Percentage (%) by Mass |
---|---|
SiO2 | 62.81 |
Al2O3 | 22.37 |
Fe(OH)3 | 11.47 |
TiO2 | 1.11 |
Calcite | 0.92 |
Na2O | 0.81 |
Other impurities | 0.51 |
Sample ID | Solid/Water Ratio | Bulk Density (g/cm3) | True Particle Density (g/cm3) | Total Porosity (%) | Compressive Strength (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
*GPS50 | 2.27 | 1.348 | 2.159 | 37.56 | 10.93 |
GPS55 | 2.64 | 1.538 | 2.317 | 33.62 | 13.67 |
GPS60 | 3.09 | 1.589 | 2.338 | 32.04 | 15.27 |
GPS65 | 3.68 | 1.648 | 2.374 | 30.58 | 17.65 |
GPS70 | 4.46 | 1.734 | 2.415 | 28.19 | 21.82 |
GPS75 | 5.55 | 1.857 | 2.463 | 24.60 | 26.39 |
GPS80 | 7.19 | 1.811 | 2.448 | 26.02 | 24.13 |
GP Mortar Material | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Normalized Strength | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Natural soil | 2.41 | 0.09 | [26] |
Red soil | 7.1 | 0.25 | [28] |
Natural soil | 8.83 | 0.32 | [8] |
Granite powder | 22.0 | 0.79 | [24] |
Loam natural soil | 22.7 | 0.81 | [27] |
Natural soil | 26.39 | 0.94 | Present work |
Ordinary cement mortar (not a GP) | 28.0 | 1.0 | [39] |
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Zain-ul-abdein, M.; Ahmed, F.; Channa, I.A.; Makhdoom, M.A.; Ali, R.; Ehsan, M.; Aamir, A.; Ul Haq, E.; Nadeem, M.; Shafi, H.Z.; et al. Synthesis of Geopolymer from a Novel Aluminosilicate-Based Natural Soil Precursor Using Electric Oven Curing for Improved Mechanical Strength. Materials 2022, 15, 7757. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217757
Zain-ul-abdein M, Ahmed F, Channa IA, Makhdoom MA, Ali R, Ehsan M, Aamir A, Ul Haq E, Nadeem M, Shafi HZ, et al. Synthesis of Geopolymer from a Novel Aluminosilicate-Based Natural Soil Precursor Using Electric Oven Curing for Improved Mechanical Strength. Materials. 2022; 15(21):7757. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217757
Chicago/Turabian StyleZain-ul-abdein, Muhammad, Furqan Ahmed, Iftikhar Ahmed Channa, Muhammad Atif Makhdoom, Raza Ali, Muhammad Ehsan, Abdullah Aamir, Ehsan Ul Haq, Muhammad Nadeem, Hafiz Zahid Shafi, and et al. 2022. "Synthesis of Geopolymer from a Novel Aluminosilicate-Based Natural Soil Precursor Using Electric Oven Curing for Improved Mechanical Strength" Materials 15, no. 21: 7757. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217757