Polylactide (PLA) as a Cell Carrier in Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion—A New Strategy in the Management of PLA
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Feedstock and Inoculum Sources
2.2. Carrier Source and Preparation
2.3. Anaerobic Digestion
2.3.1. Batch Preparation
2.3.2. Biogas Production and Analysis
2.4. Analysis of Substrate and Digestate Samples
2.5. Analysis of Carrier’s Properties
2.5.1. Microscopy and Microstructural Investigations
2.5.2. Apparent Density of PLA Granules and Powder State
2.5.3. Elemental Analysis
2.5.4. Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis
2.6. Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens Biomass Designation
2.7. Analysis of the Biochemical Activity of the Digestate
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Substrates and Inoculum Characterisation
3.2. Polylactide Properties and Productivity
3.2.1. Morphological and Microstructural Properties
3.2.2. Thermal Properties
3.2.3. Carrier Productivity
3.3. Anaerobic Digestion Stability and Performance
3.4. Dehydrogenase Activity
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | pH | Cond. | TS | VS | C/N Ratio | C | N | N-NH4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | (mS cm−1) | (wt %) | (wt %TS) | - | (wt %TS) | (wt %TS) | (wt %TS) | |
Waste wafers | 7.12 | 2.24 | 74.85 | 98.24 | 54.83 | 45.51 | 0.83 | 0.25 |
Waste cheese | 5.38 | 68.55 | 42.05 | 91.36 | 4.25 | 47.78 | 11.24 | 0.39 |
Inoculum | 6.93 | 29.87 | 2.96 | 73.29 | 3.04 | 24.42 | 8.02 | 4.12 |
Batches | WF (g) | CE (g) | Carrier (g) | Inoculum (g) | pH | TS (%) | VS (%TS) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WF − control | 9.80 | - | - | 830.0 | 7.05 | 3.86 | 75.78 |
WF + PLAG | 9.80 | - | 20.0 | 830.0 | 7.13 | 3.84 | 76.03 |
WF + PLAP | 9.80 | - | 20.0 | 830.0 | 7.08 | 3.98 | 76.64 |
WFC − control | 5.50 | 2.90 | - | 832.0 | 6.96 | 3.47 | 72.93 |
WFC + PLAP | 5.50 | 2.90 | 20.0 | 832.0 | 6.85 | 3.58 | 74.09 |
WFC + PLAG | 5.50 | 2.90 | 20.0 | 832.0 | 6.92 | 3.37 | 72.74 |
Element | Weight (%) | Atomic (%) | Error (%) | Net Intensity |
---|---|---|---|---|
C K | 56.34 | 63.87 | 12.68 | 2983.87 |
O K | 40.84 | 34.76 | 17.47 | 1924.51 |
Si K | 2.82 | 1.37 | 2.56 | 308.03 |
Carriers | First Scan | Second Scan | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tg1 (°C) | Tm1 (°C) | ∆Hm1 (J/g) | Tg2 (°C) | Tcc (°C) | ∆Hcc (J/g) | Tm2 (°C) | ∆Hm2 (J/g) | Xc2 (%) | |
PLA granules | 69.6 | 182.3 | 45.2 | 62.2 | 139.1 | 21.29 | 178.0 | 30.57 | 9.9 |
PLA powder | 59.5 | 178.9 | 42.0 | 61.8 | 114.4 | 37.15 | 177.6 | 45.30 | 8.7 |
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Pilarska, A.A.; Bula, K.; Pilarski, K.; Adamski, M.; Wolna-Maruwka, A.; Kałuża, T.; Magda, P.; Boniecki, P. Polylactide (PLA) as a Cell Carrier in Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion—A New Strategy in the Management of PLA. Materials 2022, 15, 8113. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228113
Pilarska AA, Bula K, Pilarski K, Adamski M, Wolna-Maruwka A, Kałuża T, Magda P, Boniecki P. Polylactide (PLA) as a Cell Carrier in Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion—A New Strategy in the Management of PLA. Materials. 2022; 15(22):8113. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228113
Chicago/Turabian StylePilarska, Agnieszka A., Karol Bula, Krzysztof Pilarski, Mariusz Adamski, Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka, Tomasz Kałuża, Przemysław Magda, and Piotr Boniecki. 2022. "Polylactide (PLA) as a Cell Carrier in Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion—A New Strategy in the Management of PLA" Materials 15, no. 22: 8113. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228113