Chestnut Shell-Activated Carbon Mixed with Pyrolytic Snail Shells for Methylene Blue Adsorption
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material and Reagents
2.2. Preparation of the Adsorbent and MB Solution
2.3. Materials Characterization
2.3.1. Dye Adsorptive Experiments
2.3.2. Equilibrium Isotherm Studies
2.3.3. Adsorption Kinetics Studies
2.3.4. Desorption Studies
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Characterization of the Adsorbent
3.1.1. TGA-DSC Analysis
3.1.2. XRD Analysis
3.1.3. SEM-EDS Analysis
3.1.4. BET Analysis
3.1.5. FTIR Analysis
3.1.6. XPS Analysis
3.2. Adsorption Experiments
3.2.1. ZETA Potential and Effect of pH
3.2.2. Effect of Adsorbent Ratio
3.2.3. Effect of Initial MB Concentration and Contact Time
3.2.4. Adsorption Isotherm
3.2.5. Adsorption Kinetics
3.2.6. Mechanism of MB Adsorption and Photocatalysis
- MB + hv → MB * (absorption of photons and excitation of MB molecules);
- hv + CaO → e−(CB) + H *(VB) (electron–hole pair formation);
- e−(CB) + O2 → ·O2− (oxygen ion sorption);
- 2O2− + 2H2O → H2O2 + 2OH− + O2 (·O2− neutralization by protons);
- H2O2 + e−(CB) → -OH + ·OH (decomposition of H2O2 and ·OH formation);
- H+ + H2O → H+ + ·OH (water splitting by photo-hole to produce ·OH radicals);
- ·OH/·O2−+ ·MB → MB degradation (electrophilic attack on MB molecules).
3.2.7. Photocatalysis after Adsorption
3.2.8. Desorption Experiments
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Atomic % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
CN before Adsorption | CN after Adsorption | SS | MCS3-1 after Adsorption | |
C | 84.81 | 80.94 | 35.63 | 68.19 |
N | 0.00 | 3.30 | - | 14.89 |
O | 12.64 | 7.16 | 42.31 | 14.47 |
P | 2.48 | 2.18 | - | 0.41 |
S | 0.05 | 6.20 | - | 1.84 |
Ca | - | - | 22.05 | 0.19 |
Isotherms | Parameters | Adsorbents | |
---|---|---|---|
MSC3-1 | CN | ||
Langmuir | KL (L/mg) | 0.29 ± 0.05 | 0.16 ± 0.05 |
qm (mg/g) | 1191.1 ± 98.5 | 534.7 ± 25.8 | |
R2 | 0.918 | 0.767 | |
Freundlich | 1/n | 0.211 ± 0.008 | 0.087 ± 0.006 |
KF ((mg/g) (L/mg)1/n) | 439.3 ± 4.3 | 325.4 ± 7.5 | |
R2 | 0.983 | 0.980 |
Kinetic Models | Parameters | Adsorbents | |
---|---|---|---|
MSC3-1 | CN | ||
Pseudo-first-order | k1 (min−1) | 0.095 ± 0.016 | 0.045 ± 0.007 |
qe (mg/g) | 1418.5 ± 16.2 | 557.2 ± 7.4 | |
R2 | 0.827 | 0.872 | |
Pseudo-second-order | k1 (×10−4) (g·mg−1·min−1) | 1.25 ± 0.11 | 1.28 ± 0.08 |
qe (mg/g) | 1443.3 ± 6.6 | 596.9 ± 2.4 | |
R2 | 0.977 | 0.992 |
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An, J.; Nhung, N.T.H.; Ding, Y.; Chen, H.; He, C.; Wang, X.; Fujita, T. Chestnut Shell-Activated Carbon Mixed with Pyrolytic Snail Shells for Methylene Blue Adsorption. Materials 2022, 15, 8227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228227
An J, Nhung NTH, Ding Y, Chen H, He C, Wang X, Fujita T. Chestnut Shell-Activated Carbon Mixed with Pyrolytic Snail Shells for Methylene Blue Adsorption. Materials. 2022; 15(22):8227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228227
Chicago/Turabian StyleAn, Jiahao, Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung, Yaxuan Ding, Hao Chen, Chunlin He, Xinpeng Wang, and Toyohisa Fujita. 2022. "Chestnut Shell-Activated Carbon Mixed with Pyrolytic Snail Shells for Methylene Blue Adsorption" Materials 15, no. 22: 8227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228227