Impact-Resistant Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(ε-Caprolactone)-Based Materials, through Reactive Melt Processing, for Compression-Molding and 3D-Printing Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Processing
2.3. Characterization
2.3.1. Mechanical Characterization
2.3.2. Thermal Characterization
2.3.3. Structural Characterization
3. Results
3.1. Properties of Non-Compatibilized PHB/PCL Blends
3.2. Effect of Reactive Melt Processing
3.3. Effect of Combining Reactive Melt Processing and Plasticization
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | PHB (wt.%) | PCL (wt.%) | DCP (wt.%) | PEG (wt.%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PHB | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PCL | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
PHB/PCL (80/20) | 80 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
PHB/PCL (60/40) | 60 | 40 | 0 | 0 |
PHB/PCL (60/40)-5DCP | 57 | 38 | 5 | 0 |
PHB/PCL (60/40)-5PEG | 57 | 38 | 0 | 5 |
PHB/PCL (60/40)-5DCP-5PEG | 54 | 36 | 5 | 5 |
PHB/PCL (60/40)-1DCP-5PEG | 56.4 | 37.6 | 1 | 5 |
Sample | Young’s Modulus (MPa) | Stress at Break (MPa) | Strain at Break (%) | Impact Resistance (kJ.m−2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PHB | 1840 ± 115 | 42 ± 2.4 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.1 |
PCL | 440 ± 34 | 33.0 ± 2 | 570 ± 30 | 4.6 ± 0.7 |
PHB/PCL (80/20) | 1430 ± 110 | 34.5 ± 2.9 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.3 |
PHB/PCL (60/40) | 1225 ± 40 | 19.3 ± 0.4 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 0.2 |
PHB/PCL (60/40)-5DCP | 680 ± 70 | 19.1 ± 20 | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 7.2 ± 1.8 |
PHB/PCL (60/40)-5PEG | 1060 ± 90 | 17.0 ± 1.6 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.4 |
PHB/PCL (60/40)-5DCP-5PEG | 640 ± 5 | 18.6 ± 2 | 5.5 ± 1 | 15.4 ± 1.5 |
PHB/PCL (60/40)-1DCP-5PEG | 890 ± 20 | 21.5 ± 0.1 | 4 ± 0.1 | 6 ± 0.5 |
Sample | Tm (°C) (2nd Heating) | Tc (°C) | Degree of Crystallinity (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHB | PCL | PHB | PCL | PHB | PCL | |
PHB | 177.0 | n.a. | 124.0 | n.a. | 58.3 | n.a. |
PCL | n.a. | 57.5 | n.a. | 20.2 | n.a. | 38.2 |
PHB/PCL (60/40) | 171.0 | 57.3 | 112.0 | 32.4 | 57.0 | 33.0 |
PHB/PCL (60-40)-5PEG | 172.0 | 63.0 | 115.0 | 34.0 | 64.0 | 33.0 |
PHB/PCL (60/40)-5DCP | 153.5; 162.0 | 48 | 98.0 | 20.4 | 52.8 | 27.0 |
PHB/PCL (60/40)-5DCP-5PEG | 153.6; 163.0 | 51.0 | 101.3 | 22.8 | 54.0 | 35.5 |
Sample | Td-5% (°C) | Td PHB (°C) | Td PCL (°C) |
---|---|---|---|
PHB | 287 | 303 | --- |
PCL | 395 | --- | 425 |
PHB/PCL (60/40) | 287 | 300 | 420 |
PHB/PCL (60/40)-5DCP | 290 | 313 | 422 |
PHB/PCL (60/40)-5DCP-5PEG | 288 | 317 | 416 |
PHB/PCL (60/40)-5PEG | 268 | 291 | 417 |
Sample | Impact Resistance (kJ.m−2) | Fracture |
---|---|---|
3D-printed samples | ||
PHB/PCL (60/40)-5DCP-5PEG (PCL 50 kDa) | 3.18 ± 0.3 | Total |
PHB/PCL (60/40)-5DCP-5PEG (PCL 80 kDa) | 7.23 ± 1.5 | Partial |
Compression-molded samples | ||
PHB/PCL (60/40)-5DCP-5PEG (PCL 50 kDa) | 15.4 ± 1.5 | Partial |
PHB/PCL (60/40)-5DCP-5PEG (PCL 80 kDa) | 14.2 ± 1.2 | Partial |
Sample | Young’s Modulus (MPa) | Stress at Break (MPa) | Strain at Break (%) | χc PHB/χc PCL (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PHB/PCL (60/40)-5DCP-5PEG (PCL 50 kDa) | 1046.6 ± 65.6 | 21.3 ± 0.7 | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 32/14 |
PHB/PCL (60/40)-5DCP-5PEG (PCL 80 kDa) | 642.5 ± 85.4 | 12.1 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 0.4 | 33/18 |
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Laoutid, F.; Lenoir, H.; Molins Santaeularia, A.; Toncheva, A.; Schouw, T.; Dubois, P. Impact-Resistant Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(ε-Caprolactone)-Based Materials, through Reactive Melt Processing, for Compression-Molding and 3D-Printing Applications. Materials 2022, 15, 8233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228233
Laoutid F, Lenoir H, Molins Santaeularia A, Toncheva A, Schouw T, Dubois P. Impact-Resistant Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(ε-Caprolactone)-Based Materials, through Reactive Melt Processing, for Compression-Molding and 3D-Printing Applications. Materials. 2022; 15(22):8233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228233
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaoutid, Fouad, Hadrien Lenoir, Adriana Molins Santaeularia, Antoniya Toncheva, Tim Schouw, and Philippe Dubois. 2022. "Impact-Resistant Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(ε-Caprolactone)-Based Materials, through Reactive Melt Processing, for Compression-Molding and 3D-Printing Applications" Materials 15, no. 22: 8233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228233