Effect of Different Temperatures on the Hydration Kinetics of Urea-Doped Cement Pastes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Test Method
2.2.1. TAM Air Installation
2.2.2. Test Process
2.3. Hydration Kinetics Model
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of Hydration Process
3.1.1. Heat of Hydration Analysis
3.1.2. Analysis of Hydration Kinetics
3.2. Compressive Strength Analysis
3.3. Microscopic Morphology and Pore Analysis
4. Conclusions
- Urea can reduce the hydration rate, delay the appearance of the peak hydration rate, and avoid the concentration of cement hydration. As the temperature increases, the inhibition effect of urea is better, which can effectively reduce the risk of the cracking of cement due to temperature stress;
- The hydration kinetics model can effectively simulate the cement hydration process. Urea will make the hydration kinetics model parameters K1′, K2′, and K3′ decrease. The temperature will make it increase. At 60 °C, the Krstulovic–Dabic model reaction no longer goes through process I. Moreover, 60 °C will fundamentally change the kinetics process of hydration;
- Urea has an effect on the early reduction in compressive strength. However, with the extension of the age of the curing period, its compressive strength will gradually recover to the same level as the compressive strength of PC and has little effect on the later strength; moreover, the higher the temperature, the better its mechanical strength recovery effect;
- Urea increases the early porosity of cement pastes. The increase in curing time and temperature will gradually reduce the porosity and average pore size.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | SO3 | MgO | K2O | P2O5 | Na2O | Loss |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
64.95 | 18.31 | 4.21 | 2.95 | 4.22 | 0.64 | 0.788 | - | - | 3.21 |
Molecular Formula | Melting Point/°C | Density g/cm3 | Water Soluble g/L | Relative Molecular Mass | Crystallization Heat J/g |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CH4N2O | 131–135 | 1.335 | 1080 | 60.06 | 224 |
Components | Cement/g | Water/g | Standard Sand/g | Urea/g |
---|---|---|---|---|
PC | 450 | 225 | 1350 | 0 |
UC = 2% | 441 | 225 | 1350 | 9 |
UC = 5% | 427.5 | 225 | 1350 | 22.5 |
UC = 8% | 414 | 225 | 1350 | 36 |
Temperature (°C) | Urea Content | Peak Hydration Rate Time of Occurrence (h) | Peak Hydration Rate (w·g−1) | Total Heat Release (J·g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
20 | 0% | 10.24 | 0.00287 | 226.665 |
2% | 11.29 | 0.00249 | 214.154 | |
5% | 12.23 | 0.00206 | 193.948 | |
8% | 14.55 | 0.00169 | 178.907 | |
40 | 0% | 5.13 | 0.00704 | 265.088 |
2% | 6.52 | 0.00608 | 262.071 | |
5% | 7.89 | 0.00487 | 247.783 | |
8% | 9.25 | 0.00407 | 239.476 | |
60 | 0% | 2.46 | 0.01319 | 294.855 |
2% | 3.74 | 0.01097 | 290.586 | |
5% | 5.92 | 0.00533 | 284.637 | |
8% | 7.45 | 0.00442 | 280.451 |
Temperature (°C) | Urea Content | n | K1′ | K2′ | K3′ | α1 | α2 | α2-α1 | Model Phase |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20 | 0% | 1.79 | 0.0530 | 0.0120 | 0.00165 | 0.085 | 0.176 | 0.094 | NG-I-D |
2% | 1.84 | 0.0466 | 0.0117 | 0.00136 | 0.081 | 0.173 | 0.092 | NG-I-D | |
5% | 1.89 | 0.0333 | 0.0073 | 0.00081 | 0.078 | 0.166 | 0.088 | NG-I-D | |
8% | 1.92 | 0.0323 | 0.0075 | 0.00088 | 0.073 | 0.161 | 0.088 | NG-I-D | |
40 | 0% | 1.61 | 0.1107 | 0.0214 | 0.00214 | 0.107 | 0.197 | 0.090 | NG-I-D |
2% | 1.66 | 0.0923 | 0.0188 | 0.00228 | 0.103 | 0.192 | 0.890 | NG-I-D | |
5% | 1.72 | 0.0797 | 0.0150 | 0.00179 | 0.097 | 0.183 | 0.086 | NG-I-D | |
8% | 1.85 | 0.0682 | 0.0131 | 0.00130 | 0.086 | 0.171 | 0.085 | NG-I-D | |
60 | 0% | 1.46 | 0.2022 | 0.0330 | 0.00315 | 0.142 | - | - | NG-D |
2% | 1.52 | 0.1691 | 0.0323 | 0.00322 | 0.137 | - | - | NG-D | |
5% | 1.63 | 0.1564 | 0.0279 | 0.00289 | 0.131 | - | - | NG-D | |
8% | 1.69 | 0.1135 | 0.0229 | 0.00224 | 0.128 | - | - | NG-D |
Temperature (°C) | Maintenance Period of Age (d) | Urea Content | Porosity | Average Pore Size (μm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
20 | 1 | 0% | 36% | 28.32 |
2 | 0% | 28% | 27.74 | |
3 | 0% | 21% | 26.21 | |
1 | 2% | 38% | 29.33 | |
1 | 5% | 40% | 30.06 | |
1 | 8% | 43% | 31.45 | |
40 | 1 | 0% | 25% | 27.01 |
60 | 1 | 0% | 20% | 25.33 |
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Su, H.; Luan, Y.; Ma, Q.; Hu, B.; Liu, S.; Bai, Y. Effect of Different Temperatures on the Hydration Kinetics of Urea-Doped Cement Pastes. Materials 2022, 15, 8343. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238343
Su H, Luan Y, Ma Q, Hu B, Liu S, Bai Y. Effect of Different Temperatures on the Hydration Kinetics of Urea-Doped Cement Pastes. Materials. 2022; 15(23):8343. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238343
Chicago/Turabian StyleSu, Hui, Yawei Luan, Qiujuan Ma, Baowen Hu, Shaoxing Liu, and Yanjie Bai. 2022. "Effect of Different Temperatures on the Hydration Kinetics of Urea-Doped Cement Pastes" Materials 15, no. 23: 8343. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238343