Optimization Effect of Metakaolin on Macro- and Micro-Mechanical Properties of Composite Cementitious Materials under Different Curing Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Preparation of the Samples
2.3. Test Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of the Macro-Mechanical Properties of MK-Cement Cementitious System
3.1.1. Compressive Strength
3.1.2. Flexural Strength
3.1.3. ACI Prediction Model for Compressive Strength of MK-Cement Cementitious Materials
3.2. Analysis of the Micro-Mechanical Properties of MK-Cement Cementitious System
3.2.1. Nanoindentation Testing
3.2.2. Analysis of Hydration Mechanism
3.2.3. Effect of Al/Si on Micro-Mechanical Properties of C-(A)-S-H Gel
3.2.4. The Dependency between Al/Si and Micro-Mechanical Properties of C-(A)-S-H Gel
4. Conclusions
- Under the high-temperature curing conditions, the compressive strength and flexural strength of the metakaolin-cement composite cementitious materials were effectively enhanced within a short time. Moreover, the optimal replacement rate of MK was increased from 10% to 20%. Finally, under standard and high-temperature steam curing circumstances, the ACI empirical model for compressive strength, curing time, and MK replacement rate was established.
- The pozzolanic activity of MK is adequately stimulated under high-temperature curing conditions, which increases the types and quantities of hydration products and reduces the content of CH crystals in the matrix. Furthermore, MK increases the content of the C-(A)-S-H phase, especially the HD C-(A)-S-H phase, and enhances their average elastic modulus values. This may lead to a decrease in the defects and formation of dense microstructures.
- MK can increase the Al/Si and decrease the Ca/Si ratios of the C-(A)-S-H phase. The increase in Al/Si in the C-(A)-S-H phase contributes to an increase in its elastic modulus, bulk density, and HD C-(A)-S-H phase content. This effect is more pronounced under high-temperature curing conditions.
- The Gumbel copula function demonstrates the dependence of the elastic modulus values of the C-(A)-S-H gel phases and Al/Si. To be specific, the classical maximum likelihood method was combined with the IFM method to obtain the parameter estimates of the margin distribution, and the corresponding K-S test was performed. By solving the Euclidean distance between alternative copula and empirical copula, it has been verified that the use of Gumbel copula to describe the dependence between the C-(A)-S-H gel and Al/Si is reasonable, and the estimated value of the Gumbel copula parameter of 5.320965 confirms strong dependence.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Raw Material | CaO | SiO2 | MgO | AL2O3 | Fe2O3 | Na2O | LOI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | 62.68 | 21.28 | 3.61 | 4.82 | 4.34 | 0.41 | 2.86 |
Metakaolin | 0.2 | 50 | 0.09 | 46 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 0.71 |
Sample | PC | MK | Sand | Water |
---|---|---|---|---|
CMH00, CMS00 | 1.00 | - | 2.00 | 0.18 |
CMH10, CMS10 | 0.90 | 0.10 | 2.00 | 0.18 |
CMH20, CMS20 | 0.80 | 0.2 | 2.00 | 0.18 |
CMH30, CMS30 | 0.70 | 0.30 | 2.00 | 0.18 |
Code. | LD C-(A)-S-H | HD C-(A)-S-H | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al/Si | Ca/Si | Al/Si | Ca/Si | |||||||
A.M. | S.D. | A.M. | S.D. | N. | A.M. | S.D. | A.M. | S.D. | N. | |
CMH106 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 1.97 | 0.53 | 22 | 0.29 | 0.02 | 1.93 | 0.24 | 11 |
CMH206 | 0.29 | 0.07 | 1.79 | 0.42 | 26 | 0.32 | 0.03 | 1.83 | 0.39 | 15 |
CMH306 | 0.45 | 0.06 | 1.48 | 0.21 | 22 | 0.55 | 0.02 | 1.52 | 0.19 | 10 |
CMS1028 | 0.25 | 0.04 | 1.93 | 0.65 | 29 | 0.29 | 0.03 | 1.95 | 0.37 | 10 |
CMS2028 | 0.28 | 0.03 | 1.77 | 0.37 | 20 | 0.32 | 0.05 | 1.78 | 0.12 | 9 |
CMS3028 | 0.42 | 0.06 | 1.51 | 0.33 | 16 | 0.52 | 0.09 | 1.49 | 0.29 | 6 |
Data | Parameter Estimates | K-S Distances | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
X | 43.480387 | 0.17199 | 0.4015 | |
141.77812 | ||||
Y | 17.0005357 | 0.12514 | 0.7456 | |
0.5458059 |
Copula | Parameter Estimates | d2 |
---|---|---|
Gumbel | 5.320965 | 0.01335448 |
Claycon | 4.626953 | 0.0208742 |
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Liang, C.; Xing, Y.; Hou, X. Optimization Effect of Metakaolin on Macro- and Micro-Mechanical Properties of Composite Cementitious Materials under Different Curing Conditions. Materials 2022, 15, 8435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238435
Liang C, Xing Y, Hou X. Optimization Effect of Metakaolin on Macro- and Micro-Mechanical Properties of Composite Cementitious Materials under Different Curing Conditions. Materials. 2022; 15(23):8435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238435
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiang, Chao, Yongming Xing, and Xiaohu Hou. 2022. "Optimization Effect of Metakaolin on Macro- and Micro-Mechanical Properties of Composite Cementitious Materials under Different Curing Conditions" Materials 15, no. 23: 8435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238435