Study of Influence of Atmospheric Conditions on the Thermal Properties of Sleeping Bags
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Material
2.2. Research Methodology
2.2.1. Model Designing
2.2.2. Physical Basis
2.2.3. Sleeping Bag Thermal Insulation Test
- −
- The body of the mannequin and the reference clothing (1);
- −
- The reference clothing layer and the inner layer of the sleeping bag (2).
2.2.4. Air Permeability Test
2.2.5. Maximum Sorption Test
2.2.6. Waterproofness Test
3. Results
Conditions of Heat Transfer Simulations
- -
- Total heat insulation for the tested clothing sets;
- -
- Temperature and humidity between the body of the mannequin, clothing system and between the layers of the clothing system;
- -
- Air permeability of sleeping bags.
- −
- Comfort temperature (Tcomf) is the lower limit of the comfort range up to which a sleeping bag user in a relaxed posture, e.g., lying on his or her back, is in thermal equilibrium and simply does not feel cold. (The data for this temperature consists of: (a) basic metabolic heat production: Mb = 44.4 W/m2; (b) additional metabolic heat production due to shivering: Ms = 25.4 W/m2; (c) effective thermal resistance of the sleeping bag Rc,eff:Rc,eff = Rc; (d) effective water vapour resistance of the sleeping bag Re,eff:Re,eff = 60 Rc,eff/0.54);
- −
- Limit temperature (Tlim) is the lower limit at which the user of a sleeping bag with the body rolled up is in thermal equilibrium and simply does not feel cold (The data for this temperature consists of: (a) basic metabolic heat production: Mb = 47.5 W/m2; (b) effective thermal resistance of the sleeping bag Rc,eff:Rc,eff = Rc; (c) effective water vapour resistance of the sleeping bag Re,eff:Re,eff = 60 ⋅ Rc,eff/0.54);
- −
- Extreme temperature (Text) is a very low temperature at which there is a risk of damage to health by hypothermia (g, 1.60 m, 1.62 m2 body surface area), which is just not feeling cold (no shivering) in a relaxed posture. The data for this temperature consists of: (a) basic metabolic heat production: Mb = 44.4 W/m2; (b) effective thermal resistance of the sleeping bag Rc,eff:Rc,eff = 0.9 Rc; (c) effective water vapour resistance of the sleeping bag Re,eff:Re,eff = 60 ⋅ Rc,eff/0.5) [8].
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Surface Weight of the Sleeping Bag [g·m−2] (Coefficient of Variation [%]) | Summer Sleeping Bag 1.2 kg (3%) | Autumn Sleeping Bag 1.8 kg (3%) | Raw Material Layer Composition |
---|---|---|---|
Outer fabric | 66 ± 4 | 66 ± 4 | PA fabric, khaki dyed with panther print and waterproof finish |
Fluffy non-woven inner fabric | 60 ± 5 | 133 ± 7 | Heat-sealed nonwoven fabric PES 100% |
Compacted non-woven inner fabric | 15 ± 1 | 15 ± 1 | Compacted flat non-woven PP |
Inner fabric | 57 ± 3 | 57 ± 3 | PA fabric, khaki dyed |
Physical Parameter | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surface | Raw Material | Density [kg·m−3] | Specific Heat [J·kg−1·°C−1] | Thermal Conductivity [W·m−1·°C−1] | Porosity [%] |
Reference clothing | PET knitted fabric | 1370 | 1380 | 0.08 | 39 |
Outer fabric | PA fabric, khaki dyed with panther print and waterproof finish | 1230 | 2050 | 0.22 | 19 |
Fluffy non-woven inner fabric | Heat-sealed nonwoven fabric PET | 1370 | 1380 | 0.084 | 61 |
Compacted non-woven inner fabric | Compacted flat non-woven PP | 940 | 1720 | 0.26 | 61 |
Inner fabric | PA fabric, khaki dyed | 1230 | 2050 | 0.22 | 20 |
Air | - | 1.2 | 1005 | 0.03 | - |
Model | Solid Cells | Gas Cells | Partial Cells |
---|---|---|---|
Summer sleeping bag | 8232 | 1480 | 532 |
Autumn sleeping bag | 5880 | 1684 | 484 |
Air Temperature [°C] | Air Humidity [%] | Established Thermal Conductivity Coefficient [W·m−1·°C−1] | Temperature Differences Between the Outer Fabric and the Reference Clothing [°C·m−1] | Heat Transfer Coefficient [W] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Summer sleeping bag | ||||
−20 | 60 | 0.584 | −36.69 | 21.42 |
−10 | 50 | 0.584 | −26.73 | 15.59 |
0 | 40 | 0.584 | −21.43 | 12.50 |
10 | 40 | 0.584 | −15.09 | 8.76 |
20 | 40 | 0.584 | −8.46 | 4.94 |
20 | 60 | 0.584 | −8.46 | 4.94 |
20 | 80 | 0.584 | −8.46 | 4.94 |
Autumn sleeping bag | ||||
−20 | 60 | 0.584 | −32.50 | 18.89 |
−10 | 50 | 0.584 | −30.43 | 17.75 |
0 | 40 | 0.584 | −18.81 | 10.90 |
10 | 40 | 0.584 | −11.42 | 6.70 |
20 | 40 | 0.584 | −6.87 | 3.97 |
20 | 60 | 0.584 | −6.87 | 3.97 |
20 | 80 | 0.584 | −6.87 | 3.97 |
Air Temperature [°C] | Air Humidity [%] | Thermal Insulation of the Naked Mannequin [m2·°C ·W−1] | Thermal Insulation of Reference Clothing [m2·°C ·W−1] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Effective | |||
−20 | 60 | 0.100 ± 0.003 | 0.271 ± 0.004 | 0.171 ± 0.003 |
−10 | 50 | 0.101 ± 0.003 | 0.304 ± 0.004 | 0.179 ± 0.003 |
0 | 40 | 0.106 ± 0.003 | 0.311 ± 0.004 | 0.184 ± 0.004 |
10 | 40 | 0.113 ± 0.003 | 0.324 ± 0.004 | 0.190 ± 0.004 |
20 | 40 | 0.120 ± 0.003 | 0.310 ± 0.004 | 0.190 ± 0.004 |
20 | 60 | 0.121 ± 0.003 | 0.313 ± 0.004 | 0.192 ± 0.003 |
20 | 80 | 0.122 ± 0.003 | 0.315 ± 0.004 | 0.193 ± 0.003 |
Air Temperature [°C] | Air Humidity [%] | Thermal Insulation [m2·°C ·W−1] Summer Sleeping Bag | |
---|---|---|---|
Total | Effective | ||
−20 | 60 | 0.951 ± 0.004 | 0.851 ± 0.004 |
−10 | 50 | 0.929 ± 0.004 | 0.828 ± 0.004 |
0 | 40 | 0.921 ± 0.004 | 0.815 ± 0.003 |
10 | 40 | 0.908 ± 0.004 | 0.796 ± 0.003 |
20 | 40 | 0.915 ± 0.004 | 0.795 ± 0.004 |
20 | 60 | 0.915 ± 0.004 | 0.794 ± 0.004 |
20 | 80 | 0.917 ± 0.003 | 0.795 ± 0.003 |
Parameters Set in the Chamber | Parameters Recorded with Sensors | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Location of Sensors | Summer Sleeping Bag | Autumn Sleeping Bag | |||
Air Temperature [°C] | Air Humidity [%] | Air Temperature [°C] | Air Humidity [%] | ||
−20 °C 60% | Between body of the mannequin and clothing | 28.80 ± 0.15 | 7.67 ± 1.20 | 29.10 ± 0.01 | 7.80 ± 0.01 |
Between clothing and sleeping bag | 17.87 ± 0.64 | 5.00 ± 0.79 | 19.20 ± 0.01 | 6.00 ± 0.01 | |
−10 °C 50% | Between body of the mannequin and clothing | 29.33 ± 0.01 | 10.00 ± 0.41 | 30.80 ± 0.01 | 10.50 ± 0.41 |
Between clothing and sleeping bag | 21.85 ± 0.07 | 8.50 ± 0.42 | 23.20 ± 0.01 | 9.50 ± 0.42 | |
0 °C 40% | Between body of the mannequin and clothing | 31.20 ± 0.07 | 10.00 ± 1.28 | 32.10 ± 0.16 | 16.50 ± 1.22 |
Between clothing and sleeping bag | 24.70 ± 0.62 | 8.50± 0.66 | 25.50 ± 0.13 | 15.00 ± 0.81 | |
10 °C 40% | Between body of the mannequin and clothing | 33.63 ± 0.62 | 13.75 ± 0.29 | 34.10 ± 0.10 | 15.67 ± 1.20 |
Between clothing and sleeping bag | 26.95 ± 0.04 | 14.75 ± 0,55 | 27.73 ± 0.03 | 14.83 ± 1.33 | |
20 °C 40% | Between body of the mannequin and clothing | 34.80 ± 0.01 | 18.00 ± 0.01 | 36.07 ± 0.03 | 19.33 ± 0.33 |
Between clothing and sleeping bag | 29.60 ± 0.02 | 18.00 ± 0.01 | 29.87 ± 0.03 | 18.33 ± 0.33 | |
20 °C 60% | Between body of the mannequin and clothing | 33.90 ± 0.01 | 29.00 ± 0.01 | 36.13 ± 0.03 | 29.33 ± 1.20 |
Between clothing and sleeping bag | 27.70 ± 0.01 | 31.00 ± 0.01 | 28.73 ± 0.66 | 33.33 ± 0.88 | |
20 °C 80% | Between body of the mannequin and clothing | 34.33 ± 0.01 | 35.00 ± 0.01 | 34.50 ± 1.22 | 35.06 ± 1.63 |
Between clothing and sleeping bag | 27.50 ± 0.03 | 35.00 ± 0.01 | 29.45 ± 0.88 | 35.00 ± 1.29 |
Air Temperature [°C] | Air Humidity [%] | Thermal Insulation [m2·°C·W−1] Autumn Sleeping Bag | |
---|---|---|---|
Total | Effective | ||
−20 | 60 | 1.211 ± 0.004 | 1.111 ± 0.004 |
−10 | 50 | 1.188 ± 0.004 | 1.087 ± 0.004 |
0 | 40 | 1.189 ± 0.004 | 1.083 ± 0.004 |
10 | 40 | 1.189 ± 0.003 | 1.076 ± 0.004 |
20 | 40 | 1.194 ± 0.004 | 1.074 ± 0.005 |
20 | 60 | 1.184 ± 0.004 | 1.063 ± 0.004 |
20 | 80 | 1.170 ± 0.004 | 1.048 ± 0.004 |
Air Permeability [mm/s] | Standard Deviation [mm/s] | Coefficient of Variation [%] | |
---|---|---|---|
Summer sleeping bag | 0.694 | 0.421 | 60.663 |
Autumn sleeping bag | 0.516 | 0.212 | 41.085 |
Components of the Sleeping Bag | Maximum Sorption [μl cm−2] | Waterproofness [mmH2O] | Raw Material Composition of the Layer |
---|---|---|---|
Outer fabric | 1.26 ± 0.2 | 714.28 ± 5 | PA fabric, khaki dyed, with panther print and waterproof finish |
Fluffy non-woven inner fabric | 9.57 ± 0.3 | permeation | Heat-sealed nonwoven fabric PES 100% |
Non-woven inner fabric | 8.43 ± 0.3 | permeation | Compacted flat non-woven PP |
Inner fabric | 3.69 ± 0.2 | 357.14 ± 4 | PA fabric, khaki dyed |
Type of Sleeping Bag | Environmental Conditions | Thermal Insulation [m2·°C·W−1] | Extreme Temperature (Text) [°C]. | Limit Temperature (Tlim) [°C]. | Comfort Temperature (Tcomf) [°C]. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Summer sleeping bag | −20 °C/60% | 0.851 | −14.150 | 0.707 | 5.659 |
−10 °C/50% | 0.828 | −12.319 | 2.179 | 6.833 | |
0 °C/40% | 0.815 | −12.126 | 2.213 | 6.942 | |
10 °C/40% | 0.804 | −11.962 | 2.244 | 7.037 | |
20 °C/40% | 0.791 | −10.242 | 3.550 | 7.987 | |
20 °C/60% | 0.791 | −10.242 | 3.550 | 7.987 | |
20 °C/80% | 0.804 | −11.962 | 2.244 | 7.037 | |
Autumn sleeping bag | −20 °C/60% | 1.111 | −26.765 | −8.181 | −1.919 |
−10 °C/50% | 1.087 | −25.124 | −6.971 | −0.918 | |
0 °C/40% | 1.083 | −25.032 | −6.945 | −0.915 | |
10 °C/40% | 1.081 | −24.985 | −6.933 | −0.914 | |
20 °C/40% | 1.067 | −24.662 | −6.744 | −0.705 | |
20 °C/60% | 1.099 | −26.476 | −8.093 | −1.898 | |
20 °C/80% | 1.15 | −28.750 | −9.583 | −3.127 |
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Skrzetuska, E.; Agier, M.; Krucińska, I. Study of Influence of Atmospheric Conditions on the Thermal Properties of Sleeping Bags. Materials 2022, 15, 1992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15061992
Skrzetuska E, Agier M, Krucińska I. Study of Influence of Atmospheric Conditions on the Thermal Properties of Sleeping Bags. Materials. 2022; 15(6):1992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15061992
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkrzetuska, Ewa, Michał Agier, and Izabella Krucińska. 2022. "Study of Influence of Atmospheric Conditions on the Thermal Properties of Sleeping Bags" Materials 15, no. 6: 1992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15061992