Fracture Behavior of Steel Slag Powder-Cement-Based Concrete with Different Steel-Slag-Powder Replacement Ratios
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Design
2.1. Test Materials
2.2. Specimens and Mix Proportions
2.3. Experimental Setup
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Fracture Mode
3.2. Fracture Energy
3.3. Fracture Toughness
3.4. Double K Fracture Model
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The image-recognition method is used to analyze the fracture surface of the specimens, and the coarse-aggregate fracture ratio representing the ratios of fracture area of coarse aggregate to the total fracture area of the specimen is proposed to provide a quantitative-analysis method for the fracture-failure mode of the specimens. The results show that the coarse-aggregate fracture ratio R is consistent with the changing law of fracture-performance parameters under different steel-slag-powder replacement ratios which can imply the fracture mechanism.
- (2)
- Compared with concrete without steel-slag powder, a steel-slag-powder replacement ratio under 10% in weight can improve the fracture performance of the concrete, while a steel-slag-powder replacement ratio beyond 10% in weight shows a decreased effect, which implies positive and negative effects of steel-slag powder as a replacement to cement. The positive effect may be the filling effect of steel-slag powder, which strengthens the bond properties between the aggregate and matrix; and the negative effect may be the lower cementitious activity of steel slag compared with cement.
- (3)
- The fracture energy and fracture toughness of SPC first increases and then decreases with the increasing steel-slag-powder replacement ratio. The SPC with a 5% steel-slag-powder replacement ratio in weight shows the best fracture performance, while the fracture energy increases by 13.63%, fracture toughness increases by 53.22%, and compressive strength increases by 4.1% compared with NC, which may due to the addition of steel-slag powder strengthening the bond properties between the aggregate and matrix to a certain extent.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | SO3 | Na2O | K2O | R2O | Loss |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | 25.44 | 7.06 | 2.89 | 55.32 | 2.25 | 2.77 | 0.44 | 0.67 | 0.88 | 2.28 |
Steel slag | 15.42 | 4.45 | 26.79 | 38.48 | 8.08 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 6.10 |
Specimens | Water | Cement | River Sand | Coarse Aggregate | Steel-Slag Powder | Superplasticizer | Compressive Strength |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC | 168.8 | 287.7 | 530.3 | 990.3 | 0 | 1.42 | 34.17 |
SPC5 | 168.8 | 273.3 | 530.3 | 990.3 | 14.4 | 1.42 | 35.57 |
SPC10 | 168.8 | 258.9 | 530.3 | 990.3 | 28.7 | 1.42 | 32.47 |
SPC15 | 168.8 | 244.6 | 530.3 | 990.3 | 43.1 | 1.42 | 29.25 |
SPC20 | 168.8 | 230.2 | 530.3 | 990.3 | 57.5 | 1.42 | 28.82 |
Specimens | a0 (mm) | Mg (N) | δ0 (mm) | β | λ | R2 | W0 (N·m) | W2 (N·m) | W3 (N·m) | Alig (m2) | Gf (J/m2) | Gf (Average) (J/m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N C-1 | 46.5 | 287.6 | 0.37 | 0.4 | 2.44 | 0.9830 | 4.236 | 0.532 | 1.163 | 0.01552 | 382.140 | 371.600 |
N C-2 | 46.2 | 289.1 | 0.535 | 350.698 | ||||||||
N C-3 | 46.8 | 286.1 | 0.529 | 381.961 | ||||||||
SPC5-1 | 45.7 | 288.1 | 0.47 | 0.99 | 1.77 | 0.9695 | 4.17 | 0.677 | 2.299 | 0.01564 | 456.938 | 422.262 |
SPC5-2 | 45.5 | 289.9 | 0.681 | 353.150 | ||||||||
SPC5-3 | 45.4 | 286.5 | 0.673 | 456.698 | ||||||||
SPC10-1 | 45.2 | 287.6 | 0.47 | 0.85 | 1.90 | 0.9653 | 4.125 | 0.676 | 1.863 | 0.01572 | 423.930 | 398.744 |
SPC10-2 | 45.1 | 289.1 | 0.679 | 348.371 | ||||||||
SPC10-3 | 44.8 | 287.6 | 0.676 | 423.930 | ||||||||
SPC15-1 | 44.8 | 286.2 | 0.45 | 0.61 | 1.81 | 0.9878 | 3.662 | 0.644 | 1.438 | 0.01578 | 363.999 | 364.008 |
SPC15-2 | 44.7 | 288.0 | 0.648 | 364.255 | ||||||||
SPC15-3 | 44.4 | 284.6 | 0.640 | 363.770 | ||||||||
SPC20-1 | 45 | 285.2 | 0.47 | 0.59 | 2.25 | 0.9819 | 3.587 | 0.670 | 1.213 | 0.01575 | 347.308 | 335.861 |
SPC20-2 | 44.8 | 286.7 | 0.674 | 313.190 | ||||||||
SPC20-3 | 44.7 | 283.7 | 0.667 | 347.084 |
Specimens | a0 (mm) | ci (mm/KN) | h0 (mm) | mg (N) | Pmax (kN) | δ0 (mm) | CMODc (mm) | E (GPa) | Ac (mm) | KIC (MPa·mm(1/2)) | KIC (Average) (MPa·mm(1/2)) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N C-1 | 46.5 | 0.0033 | 1.45 | 287.6 | 15.08 | 0.26 | 0.07 | 26.86 | 61.90 | 1.663 | 1.66 |
N C-2 | 46.2 | 0.0034 | 289.1 | 15.24 | 24.88 | 59.75 | 1.612 | ||||
N C-3 | 46.8 | 0.0032 | 286.1 | 14.94 | 27.02 | 63.27 | 1.693 | ||||
SPC5-1 | 45.7 | 0.0026 | 1.45 | 288.1 | 11.88 | 0.24 | 0.11 | 33.13 | 90.79 | 2.565 | 2.54 |
SPC5-2 | 45.5 | 0.0027 | 289.9 | 12.04 | 30.55 | 88.81 | 2.465 | ||||
SPC5-3 | 45.4 | 0.0025 | 286.5 | 11.74 | 32.88 | 91.47 | 2.582 | ||||
SPC10-1 | 45.2 | 0.0031 | 1.45 | 287.6 | 11.08 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 27.29 | 77.55 | 1.711 | 1.65 |
SPC10-2 | 45.1 | 0.0033 | 286.1 | 11.24 | 24.64 | 74.40 | 1.614 | ||||
SPC10-3 | 44.8 | 0.0032 | 289.6 | 10.94 | 25.14 | 75.96 | 1.628 | ||||
SPC15-1 | 44.8 | 0.0041 | 1.45 | 286.2 | 10.30 | 0.28 | 0.08 | 20.34 | 70.11 | 1.345 | 1.36 |
SPC15-2 | 44.7 | 0.0038 | 287.7 | 10.21 | 21.09 | 72.40 | 1.402 | ||||
SPC15-3 | 44.4 | 0.0040 | 284.7 | 10.38 | 19.82 | 69.73 | 1.345 | ||||
SPC20-1 | 45.0 | 0.0038 | 1.45 | 285.2 | 10.41 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 22.11 | 48.73 | 0.898 | 0.89 |
SPC20-2 | 44.8 | 0.0037 | 283.7 | 10.24 | 21.74 | 49.69 | 0.899 | ||||
SPC20-3 | 44.7 | 0.0039 | 287.2 | 10.51 | 20.55 | 46.96 | 0.879 |
Test Piece | a0 (mm) | Pini (kN) | Ac (mm) | Pmax (kN) | Kini (MPa·mm(1/2)) | Kuni (MPa·mm(1/2)) | Kini (Average) (MPa·mm(1/2)) | Kuni (Average) (MPa·mm(1/2)) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N C-1 | 46.5 | 12.67 | 61.9 | 15.08 | 3.229 | 5.056 | 3.21 | 5.04 |
N C-2 | 46.2 | 12.87 | 59.8 | 15.24 | 3.263 | 4.910 | ||
N C-3 | 46.8 | 12.27 | 63.3 | 14.94 | 3.143 | 5.139 | ||
SPC5-1 | 45.7 | 10.04 | 85.9 | 11.88 | 2.524 | 6.601 | 2.64 | 6.58 |
SPC5-2 | 45.5 | 11.03 | 84.8 | 12.04 | 2.764 | 6.523 | ||
SPC5-3 | 45.4 | 10.56 | 86.4 | 11.74 | 2.641 | 6.611 | ||
SPC10-1 | 45.2 | 9.76 | 77.5 | 11.08 | 2.433 | 5.088 | 2.43 | 4.92 |
SPC10-2 | 45.1 | 9.46 | 74.4 | 11.24 | 2.354 | 4.825 | ||
SPC10-3 | 44.8 | 10.06 | 76.0 | 10.94 | 2.491 | 4.855 | ||
SPC15-1 | 44.8 | 7.80 | 70.1 | 10.30 | 1.931 | 4.049 | 1.91 | 4.10 |
SPC15-2 | 44.7 | 8.00 | 72.4 | 10.21 | 1.977 | 4.205 | ||
SPC15-3 | 44.4 | 7.40 | 69.7 | 10.38 | 1.820 | 4.049 | ||
SPC20-1 | 45.0 | 7.62 | 48.7 | 10.41 | 1.893 | 2.757 | 1.89 | 2.74 |
SPC20-2 | 44.8 | 7.32 | 49.7 | 10.24 | 1.812 | 2.757 | ||
SPC20-3 | 44.7 | 7.92 | 47.0 | 10.51 | 1.957 | 2.700 |
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Zhuo, K.-X.; Liu, G.-T.; Lan, X.-W.; Zheng, D.-P.; Wu, S.-Q.; Wu, P.-Z.; Guo, Y.-C.; Lin, J.-X. Fracture Behavior of Steel Slag Powder-Cement-Based Concrete with Different Steel-Slag-Powder Replacement Ratios. Materials 2022, 15, 2243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062243
Zhuo K-X, Liu G-T, Lan X-W, Zheng D-P, Wu S-Q, Wu P-Z, Guo Y-C, Lin J-X. Fracture Behavior of Steel Slag Powder-Cement-Based Concrete with Different Steel-Slag-Powder Replacement Ratios. Materials. 2022; 15(6):2243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062243
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhuo, Ke-Xian, Guo-Tao Liu, Xue-Wei Lan, Dong-Ping Zheng, Si-Quan Wu, Pei-Zong Wu, Yong-Chang Guo, and Jia-Xiang Lin. 2022. "Fracture Behavior of Steel Slag Powder-Cement-Based Concrete with Different Steel-Slag-Powder Replacement Ratios" Materials 15, no. 6: 2243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062243