Scandium Recovery Methods from Mining, Metallurgical Extractive Industries, and Industrial Wastes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Separation and Purification of Rare Earth Elements Using SX
2.1. Acidic Extractants
2.1.1. Acidic Organophosphorus Extractants
2.1.2. Carboxylic Acids
2.2. Alkaline Extractants
2.3. Solvating Extractants
2.4. Chelating Extractants
2.5. Synergistic Systems
3. Processes for Scandium Recovery from Various Sources
3.1. Scandium Recovery from Its Ores
3.2. Scandium Recovery from Rare Earth Elements Ores
3.3. Scandium Recovery from Uranium Ores
3.4. Scandium Recovery from Ti and Zr Ores
3.5. Scandium Recovery from Tungsten and Tin Ores
3.6. Scandium Recovery from Nickel Ores
3.7. Scandium Recovery from Tantalum and Niobium Ores
3.8. Recovery of Scandium from its Alloy Scraps
4. Recovery of Scandium from the Bauxite Waste (Red Mud)
4.1. Acid Leaching
4.2. Solvent Extraction
5. Limitations, Challenges and Future Research Directions for Scandium Recovery
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HPMBP | 1-Phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one |
HTTA | Thenoyltrifluoroacetone |
DIOMP | Di-isooctyl methyl phosphonate |
TRPO | Trialkylphosphine oxide |
Ln | Lanthanides |
SX | Solvent extraction |
IX | Ion exchange |
OPCs | Organo-phosphorus compounds |
TBP | Tri-butyl phosphate |
P350 | Di(1-methyl heptyl) methyl phosphate |
Cyanex 923/C923 | Trialkyl phosphine oxides |
Cyanex 925/C925 | Branched-alkyl phosphine oxides |
Cyanex 272/C272 | Di-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl phosphinic acid |
Cyanex 301/C301 | Bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)dithiophosphinic acid. |
Cyanex 302/C302 | Di-2,4,4,-trimethylpentyl mono-thio-phosphinic acid |
TBPO | Tributyl phosphine oxide |
RM | Red mud |
(HEHEHP, Ionquest 801, P507) | 2-Ethylhexyl phosphoric acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester |
Aliquat 336 | Tri-octyl methylammonium chloride |
MAN | Methyltrioctyl ammonium nitrate |
MDA | Methyl di-butylhexadecyl ammonium nitrate |
TBHAN | Tri-butyl hexadecyl ammonium nitrate |
HTTA | Athenoyl trifluoroacetone |
N1923 | Primary amine |
ELM | Emulsion liquid membrane |
V9 | Versatic 9/branched carboxylic acid |
V10 | Versatic 10/ branched carboxylic acid |
V911 | Versatic 911/branched carboxylic acid |
APAA | Alkyl-phenoxy acetic acid |
AA | Acetylacetone |
TOA | Tr-n-octylamine |
IARED | Ionic-adsorption rare earth deposit |
X4425 | Bis(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl) |
TRPO | Trialkylphosphineoxide |
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No. | Author(s) | Extractant Structures | Metals Matrix | Remarks | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Qureshi et al. (1969) | HDEHP, D2EHPA, P204 | Sc3+ ∼ Ti4+, Zr4+,Hf4+ > Y3+ > La3+ > Mn2+ | The organic is 0.75 M of HDEHP in n-heptane or cyclohexane the aqueous feed is 1–11 M HCl, HClO4 or HNO3 | [61] |
2 | Xue LZ et al. (1992) | Sc3+ >> Fe3+ > Lu3+ > Yb3+ > Er3+ > Y3+ > Ho3+ | The organic phase included P204 in n-octane. The aqueous phase pH 3–10 M HCl | [75] | |
3 | Ditze et al. (1997) | Sc3+ > Fe3+ > Al3+ < Mg2+ | The organic phase included 20% P204 and 15% TBP in kerosene. The aqueous phase 2.5 g/L Sc, 25 g /L Mg, Al and Fe in 0.5 M HCl | [16] | |
4 | Haslam M et al. (1999) | Sc3+ ∼ Zn2+ > Ca2+ ∼Al3+ > Mn2+ > Cr3+ ∼ Mg2+ ∼ Ni2+ ∼ Si | The organic phase included 0.2 M P204 and 1% TBP in Escaid 110. The aqueous phase has pH 1.5–3.5 of H2SO4 | [19] | |
5 | Singh RK et al. (2003) | Sc3+ > Fe3+ > Al3+ > Mg2+ | The organic solution contains 0.1 M P204 in toluene. The aqueous contains 0.5–11 M HClO4 | [49] | |
6 | Li DQ, et al. (1980) | HEHEHP | Sc3+ ∼ Th4+ > Ce4+ > Fe3+ | The organic solution included HEHEHP in n-heptane. The aqueous is 0.5–1.5 M H2SO4 | [66] |
7 | Li DQ, et al. (1980) | Sc3+ > Ce4+ > Th4+ > Fe3+ | The organic solution included HEHEHP in n-heptane. The aqueous is 1.5–5 M H2SO4 | [66] | |
8 | Haslam M et al. (1999) | Sc3+ > Zn2+ > Al3+ > Mn2+ ∼ Cr3+ ∼ Ca2+ ∼ Mg2+ > Ni2+ ∼ Si | The organic solution is 0.2 M Ionquest 801 and 1% TBP. The aqueous solution has pH 1–5.5 H2SO4 | [19] | |
9 | Singh RK et al. (2003) | Sc3+ > Fe3+ > Al3+ > Mg2+ | The organic solution is 0.1 M PC-88A in toluene. The aqueous phase is 0.01–1 M HClO4 | [49] | |
10 | Wang C et al. (1994) | C 272 | Sc3+ ∼ Th4+ > Fe3+ > Lu3+ | The organic solution 4.8 × 10−2 M Cyanex 272 in n- hexane. The aqueous phase is H2SO4 3–10 M | [53] |
11 | Haslam M et al. (1999) | Sc3+ >> Al3+ > Ni2+ > Si >Mn2+ ∼Mg2+∼Ca2+> Cr3+ | The organic solution is 0.1 M Cyanex 272 and 5% TBP. The aqueous phase is H2SO4 has pH ∼1 | [19] | |
12 | Wang C et al. (1995) | C 302 | Zr4+ > Sc3+ > Th4+ > Fe3+ > Lu3+ | The organic solution is 4.8 × 10−2 M Cyanex 302 in n-hexane. The aqueous is 2 × 10−4 − 6 × 10−4 M metals, pH 3–10 M H2SO4 | [76] |
13 | Wang C et al. (1995) | C 301 | Zr4+ > Sc3+ ∼ Fe3+ ∼ Th4+ > Lu3+ | The organic solution is 4.8 × 10−2 M Cyanex 302 in n-hexane. The aqueous is 2 × 10−4 − 6 × 10−4 M metals, pH 3–10 M H2SO4 | [76] |
14 | Wang et al. (2013) | P204 C 272 Primene JMT LIX54 Ionquest 801 V 10 | Sc3+ < Ti4+ < Fe3+ < Zr4+ < Ga | P204 appears to be selective than other reagents while extracting Sc3+ from the leach solution bearing Zr, Fe, Ti & Ga | [57] |
15 | Peppard DF et al. (1956) | TBP | Sc3+ ∼ Zr4+ > Th4+ | The organic solution is 100% TBP, the aqueous is 7–8 M HCl | [77] |
16 | Zhang et al. (1997) | Sc3+ > Zr4+ | The organic solution is 100% TBP, the aqueous is 4–6 M HClO4 | [78] | |
17 | Li D et al. (1998) | C 923 | Zr4+ > Sc3+ > Ti4+ ∼ Lu 3+ > Fe3+ | The organic solution is 5% Cyanex 923 in kerosene, the aqueous is 2.0–7.0 M H2SO4 | [44] |
Sc3+ > Th4+ > Lu3+ | The organic solution is 5% Cyanex 923 in kerosene, the aqueous is 1–5 M HCl | ||||
18 | NA C 925 | Zr4+ > Sc3+ > Lu 3+ > Ti4+ > Fe3+ | 2.0–7.0 M H2SO4 | [44] | |
Th4+ > Sc3+ > Lu3+ | 0.5–2.5 M HCl | ||||
19 | Onghena et al. (2015) | Betainium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [Hbet][Tf2N], | Sc, Y, La, Ce, Nd, Dy, Fe, Al, Ti, Ca and Na | Sc3+ was selectively extracted using [Hbet][Tf2N] from H2SO4 red mud leachate solution | [79] |
20 | Baba et al. (2014) | D2EHAG DODGAA V 10 | Sc, Y, La, Nd, Eu and Dy | Sc3+ was selectively extracted by D2EHAG due to the chelating effect and the size recognition ability of D2EHAG | [51] |
21 | Chen et al. (2017) | [(CH2)7COOHmim][Tf2N] (n = 3,5,7) | Sc, Y, La | Sc3+ extraction was quantitative (99.5%) by [(CH2)7COOHmim][Tf2N] dissolved in [C4mim][Tf2N] | [34] |
22 | Karve et al. (2008) | C302 | Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Gd, Dy and Yb | Selective separation of Sc3+ was achieved from mixed rare earth leach solution | [35] |
23 | Fujinaga et al. (2013) | Kelex 100 PC88A C302 Phoslex DT-8 | Sc, Zr, Ti, Y and Al | Extraction of Sc by Cyanex 302 was significantly higher than other extractants; Kelex 100, PC88A | [48] |
24 | Zaho et al. (2016) | | Sc, Al, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn | Selective extraction of Sc3+using HTTA synergism with TOPO | [48] |
25 | Sun et al. (2007) | [C8mim][PF6] | Sc, Y, La and Yb | Sc was preferentially separated in presence of Y, La and Yb by the extractant [C8mim][PF6]/Cyanex 925 at A:O = 1:3 | [80] |
26 | Onghena et al. (2017) | Betainium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [Hbet][Tf2N] | Sc, Al, Fe | Sulfation-roasting-leaching of Sc from bauxite residue (red mud) followed by selective extraction of Sc with [Hbet][Tf2N] was achieved | [81] |
27 | Depuydt et al. (2015) | [P444C1COOH] Cl | Sc | The IL-rich phase of the aqueous biphasic system has a very low viscosity, in comparison to the pure IL [P444C1COOH] Cl. This system has excellent extraction properties for Sc | [55] |
28 | Wu et al. (2007) | C 302 | Sc, Y, La and Gd | Extraction of metals follows the order as Sc > > Y > La > Gd with the extractant Cyanex 302 from their hydrochloride solution. | [82] |
29 | Kostikova et al. (2005) | Tri-iso-amyl phosphate (TIAP) | Sc, Zr, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Y, Lu | High-purity Sc can be prepared by multi-step counter current extractive treatment of Sc concentrate with TIAP | [7] |
30 | S. Das et al. (2018) | C 272 | Sc | Extraction of Sc from acidic solutions using organo-phosphoric acid reagents was selective | [69] |
31 | J. Zhou et al. (2021) | | Sc, Ti, Fe, Zr | The mixture of 10% P204 and 5% TBP in kerosene archive extraction efficiency of Sc ~99% | [83] |
Type | Examples | References |
---|---|---|
Chelating and acidic extractants | Beta-diketone with phosphoric acid, carboxylic acid | [97,98,99] |
Chelating and solvating extractants | Beta-diketone with phosphate, phosphine oxide, phosphine sulphide, and sulphoxide | [92,93,94] |
Chelating and basic extractants | Beta-diketone with aliquat chlorides | [95,96] |
Extraction Step | Stripping Step | Year/References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Extractant | E% | Stripping Agent | S% | |
15% D2EHPA 5% TBP | 99.00 | 2 M NaOH | 95.40 | (2017) [157] |
8% D2EHPA 2% TBP | 99.70 | 2 M NaOH + 1 M NaCl | 85.00 | (2018) [158] |
16% D2EHPA 4% TBP | 99.00 | 2 M NaOH | 96.00 | (2019) [159] |
100% TBP | 99.00 | Pure water | - | (2019) [160] |
60% Cyanex 272 40% Cyanex 923 | 98.00 | 10% H2C2O4 | 98.80 | (2020) [59] |
15% D2EHPA 15% N1923 | 99.00 | 5 M HNO3 | 89.30 | (2020) [42] |
10% D2EHPA 5% TBP | 99.00 | 5 M NaOH | 99.61 | (2021) [161] |
10% D2EHPA 5% TBP | 99.00 | 3 M NaOH | 99.00 | (2021) [162] |
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Salman, A.D.; Juzsakova, T.; Mohsen, S.; Abdullah, T.A.; Le, P.-C.; Sebestyen, V.; Sluser, B.; Cretescu, I. Scandium Recovery Methods from Mining, Metallurgical Extractive Industries, and Industrial Wastes. Materials 2022, 15, 2376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072376
Salman AD, Juzsakova T, Mohsen S, Abdullah TA, Le P-C, Sebestyen V, Sluser B, Cretescu I. Scandium Recovery Methods from Mining, Metallurgical Extractive Industries, and Industrial Wastes. Materials. 2022; 15(7):2376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072376
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalman, Ali Dawood, Tatjána Juzsakova, Saja Mohsen, Thamer Adnan Abdullah, Phuoc-Cuong Le, Viktor Sebestyen, Brindusa Sluser, and Igor Cretescu. 2022. "Scandium Recovery Methods from Mining, Metallurgical Extractive Industries, and Industrial Wastes" Materials 15, no. 7: 2376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072376