New Composite Hydrogel Based on Whey and Gelatin Crosslinked with Copper Sulphate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Hydrogels
2.3. Swelling Degree
- First order/First Fick’s Law (n~0.5) describes the perfect Fickian model of the swelling process (the slow diffusion of the solvent in the hydrogel matrix).
- Second-order Law (n = 1.0) explains that the mobility of the solvent is much higher than the degree of relaxation of the hydrogel matrix and the amount of solvent diffused is proportional to time.
- The atypical case of sorption (0.5 < n < 1.0) is when the solvent diffusion and the hydrogel matrix relaxation are comparable (the hydrogel matrix does not relax enough for the solvent to penetrate).
2.4. X-ray Diffraction
2.5. FTIR Spectroscopy
2.6. UV-VIS Spectroscopy
2.7. 1H NMR Relaxometry
2.8. Antimicrobial Activity
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Swelling Tests
3.2. XRD Diffraction
3.3. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR)
3.4. UV-VIS Spectroscopy
3.5. NMR Relaxometry
3.6. Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | M | I | II | III | IV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Copper sulphate concentration (%) * | 0 | 0.39 | 0.55 | 0.70 | 0.86 |
Code Sample | Slope | SWe (Calculated) (%) | SWe Experimental (%) | Intercept | K×105 (1/min) ×105 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | 0.00229 | 434.78 | 383.55 | 0.1244 | 4.25 |
II | 0.00131 | 769.23 | 772.03 | 0.1644 | 1.03 |
III | 0.00126 | 769.23 | 783.20 | 0.1331 | 1.27 |
IV | 0.00125 | 769.23 | 745.63 | 0.1661 | 1.02 |
M | 0.00191 | 526.31 | 504.39 | 0.2653 | 1.36 |
Sample | 2θ (Degree) | Distance between Turns (nm) | 2θ (Degree) | Distance between Chains (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
G | 9.89 | 0.894 | 20.21 | 0.439 |
W | 9.02 | 0.979 | 19.85 | 0.447 |
M | 7.10 | 1.244 | 20.37 | 0.436 |
I | 7.45 | 1.186 | 20.39 | 0.435 |
II | 7.89 | 1.186 | 20.44 | 0.434 |
III | - | - | 21.07 | 0.421 |
IV | - | - | 36.91 | 0.243 |
Glycerin | Gelatin | Whey | I | II | III | IV | Attributions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(cm−1) | |||||||
3285.58 | 3272.82 | 3272.4 | 3291.67 | 3290.14 | 3291.20 | 3291.41 | Amide A, tensile vibrations NH [14,21,41], hydrogen bonds [14,54] |
- | 1630.62 | 1631.72 | 1633.51 | 1631.75 | 1633.32 | 1632.03 | Amide I, C=O and NH vibrations [14,21,22,41], H bonds coupled with COO− [14,22,54] |
- | 1527.47 | 1515.90 | 1550.56 | 1548.66 | 1549.63 | 1548.64 | Amide II, CN vibrations/stretching, NH bending [14,22] |
1413.81 | 1445.43 | 1446.41 | 1450.33 | 1450.35 | 1451.20 | 1450.27 | Amide II, CN vibrations, NH bending [21] |
- | 1080.02 | 1076.17 | 1093.52 | 1095.46 | 1095.43 | 1095.73 | Amide III CN and NH vibrations [6,21] |
Bacterial Strain | Sample Code | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | I | II | III | IV | |
Porphyromonas gingivalis | 0 | 6.5 | 8 | 10 | 11.5 |
Enterococcus faecalis | 0 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 11.5 |
Streptococcus mutans | 0 | 10 | 13 | 15 | 15.5 |
Escherichia coli | 0 | 14 | 16 | 20 | 25 |
Staphylococcus aureus | 0 | 6.5 | 9 | 10.5 | 12 |
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Purcea Lopes, P.M.; Moldovan, D.; Moldovan, M.; Carpa, R.; Saroşi, C.; Păşcuţă, P.; Mazilu Moldovan, A.; Fechete, R.; Popescu, V. New Composite Hydrogel Based on Whey and Gelatin Crosslinked with Copper Sulphate. Materials 2022, 15, 2611. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072611
Purcea Lopes PM, Moldovan D, Moldovan M, Carpa R, Saroşi C, Păşcuţă P, Mazilu Moldovan A, Fechete R, Popescu V. New Composite Hydrogel Based on Whey and Gelatin Crosslinked with Copper Sulphate. Materials. 2022; 15(7):2611. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072611
Chicago/Turabian StylePurcea Lopes, Pompilia Mioara, Dumitriţa Moldovan, Marioara Moldovan, Rahela Carpa, Codruţa Saroşi, Petru Păşcuţă, Amalia Mazilu Moldovan, Radu Fechete, and Violeta Popescu. 2022. "New Composite Hydrogel Based on Whey and Gelatin Crosslinked with Copper Sulphate" Materials 15, no. 7: 2611. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072611