Author Contributions
Conceptualization, H.P.; methodology, H.P.; software, T.W.A.; validation, H.P. and G.P.; formal analysis, G.P.; investigation, T.W.A.; resources, H.P.; data curation, G.P.; writing—original draft preparation, T.W.A.; writing—review and editing, G.P. and H.P.; visualization, G.P.; supervision, M.C.; project administration, M.C.; funding acquisition, H.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 1.
Polypropylene waste coarse aggregate.
Figure 1.
Polypropylene waste coarse aggregate.
Figure 2.
Stress–strain relationship of plain bars.
Figure 2.
Stress–strain relationship of plain bars.
Figure 3.
Pull-out test specimens (a), setting (b), and (c) testing equipment.
Figure 3.
Pull-out test specimens (a), setting (b), and (c) testing equipment.
Figure 4.
Local bond stress–slip curve for LC20 PWCAC, (a) 10 mm plain rebar, (b) 12 mm plain rebar, (c) 16 mm plain rebar.
Figure 4.
Local bond stress–slip curve for LC20 PWCAC, (a) 10 mm plain rebar, (b) 12 mm plain rebar, (c) 16 mm plain rebar.
Figure 5.
Local bond stress–slip curve for LC23 PWCAC, (a) 10 mm plain rebar, (b) 12 mm plain rebar, (c) 16 mm plain rebar.
Figure 5.
Local bond stress–slip curve for LC23 PWCAC, (a) 10 mm plain rebar, (b) 12 mm plain rebar, (c) 16 mm plain rebar.
Figure 6.
Local bond stress–slip curve for LC26 PWCAC, (a) 10 mm plain rebar, (b) 12 mm plain rebar, (c) 16 mm plain rebar.
Figure 6.
Local bond stress–slip curve for LC26 PWCAC, (a) 10 mm plain rebar, (b) 12 mm plain rebar, (c) 16 mm plain rebar.
Figure 7.
Local bond stress–slip curve for NC23-P16.
Figure 7.
Local bond stress–slip curve for NC23-P16.
Figure 8.
(a) Mold and steel rebar. (b) Specimen example and (c) general pull-out failure pattern in PWCA concrete.
Figure 8.
(a) Mold and steel rebar. (b) Specimen example and (c) general pull-out failure pattern in PWCA concrete.
Figure 9.
Pull-out failure pattern in PWCA concrete: (a) rebar 10 mm, (b) rebar 12 mm, and (c) rebar 16 mm.
Figure 9.
Pull-out failure pattern in PWCA concrete: (a) rebar 10 mm, (b) rebar 12 mm, and (c) rebar 16 mm.
Figure 10.
Normalized bond strength vs. compressive strength from UPV test.
Figure 10.
Normalized bond strength vs. compressive strength from UPV test.
Figure 11.
Variation with respect to τu/f′c and diameter.
Figure 11.
Variation with respect to τu/f′c and diameter.
Figure 12.
Comparison between the bond strength estimated by the proposed equation and test results.
Figure 12.
Comparison between the bond strength estimated by the proposed equation and test results.
Figure 13.
Bond–slip relationship using two prediction formulas vs. experimental results.
Figure 13.
Bond–slip relationship using two prediction formulas vs. experimental results.
Figure 14.
Local bond stress–slip curve for LC20 PWCAC, (a) 10 mm plain rebar, (b) 12 mm plain rebar, (c) 16 mm plain rebar.
Figure 14.
Local bond stress–slip curve for LC20 PWCAC, (a) 10 mm plain rebar, (b) 12 mm plain rebar, (c) 16 mm plain rebar.
Figure 15.
Local bond stress–slip curve for LC23 PWCAC, (a) 10 mm plain rebar, (b) 12 mm plain rebar, (c) 16 mm plain rebar.
Figure 15.
Local bond stress–slip curve for LC23 PWCAC, (a) 10 mm plain rebar, (b) 12 mm plain rebar, (c) 16 mm plain rebar.
Figure 16.
Local bond stress–slip curve for LC26 PWCAC, (a) 10 mm plain rebar, (b) 12 mm plain rebar, (c) 16 mm plain rebar.
Figure 16.
Local bond stress–slip curve for LC26 PWCAC, (a) 10 mm plain rebar, (b) 12 mm plain rebar, (c) 16 mm plain rebar.
Table 1.
Physical properties of fine and coarse aggregates.
Table 1.
Physical properties of fine and coarse aggregates.
| RS | PWCA |
---|
Density (g/cm3) | | 0.535 |
Specific gravity: | | |
Saturated surface dry (SSD) | 2.70 | 1.092 |
Bulk | 2.59 | 1.071 |
Apparent | 2.90 | 1.095 |
Absorption (%) | 4.17 | 2.040 |
Abrasion (%) | - | 10.80 |
Fineness modulus | 2.32 | 4.25 |
Table 2.
Properties of the plain rebar.
Table 2.
Properties of the plain rebar.
Diameter of Rebar, d (mm) | Yield Stress, Fy (MPa) | Ultimate Stress, Fu (MPa) |
---|
10 | 313 | 456 |
12 | 332 | 474 |
16 | 315 | 462 |
Table 3.
Properties of the mix proportions of PWCAC and normal concrete (NC).
Table 3.
Properties of the mix proportions of PWCAC and normal concrete (NC).
Series | W/C | Cement | Sand | PWCA | Water | Superplasticizer (%) |
---|
LC-20 | 0.29 | 1 | 2 | 2.6 | 0.91 | 0.6 |
LC-23 | 0.29 | 1 | 2 | 2.0 | 0.90 | 0.7 |
LC-26 | 0.29 | 1 | 2 | 1.8 | 0.90 | 0.8 |
NC-23 | 0.30 | 1 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 0.90 | 0.7 |
Table 4.
Concrete physical and mechanical properties obtained from destructive test.
Table 4.
Concrete physical and mechanical properties obtained from destructive test.
Series | Sample Number | Density (gr/cm3) | Concrete Strength (MPa) |
---|
LC-20 | I | 1.734 | 20.72 |
| II | 1.838 | 23.93 |
| III | 1.692 | 19.88 |
| IV | 1.751 | 19.49 |
| Average | 1.754 | 21.01 |
LC-23 | I | 1.728 | 24.13 |
| II | 1.820 | 26.52 |
| III | 1.784 | 22.40 |
| IV | 1.811 | 20.75 |
| Average | 1.786 | 23.45 |
LC-26 | I | 1.738 | 26.55 |
| II | 1.819 | 26.32 |
| III | 1.777 | 26.98 |
| IV | 1.839 | 26.49 |
| Average | 1.793 | 26.58 |
Table 5.
PWCAC physical and mechanical properties obtained from non-destructive test, and bond strength–slip data from pull-out test.
Table 5.
PWCAC physical and mechanical properties obtained from non-destructive test, and bond strength–slip data from pull-out test.
Series | Bar Dia. | Density (gr/cm3) | Concrete Strength (MPa) | Bond Strength | Slip |
---|
Non-Destructive | Average | Bond Strength (MPa), τu | Free end Slip (mm), S1 |
---|
LC26-P10B | 10 | 1.889 | 28.33 | 25.36 | 1.46 | 0.28 |
LC26-P10C | 10 | 1.913 | 27.69 | | 0.80 | 0.02 |
LC26-P10D | 10 | 1.871 | 30.35 | | 1.93 | 1.43 |
LC26-P12B | 12 | 1.779 | 23.12 | | 1.93 | 0.54 |
LC26-P12C | 12 | 1.819 | 22.63 | | 1.20 | 0.90 |
LC26-P12D | 12 | 1.787 | 26.35 | | 2.54 | 1.36 |
LC26-P16B | 16 | 1.782 | 24.36 | | 3.68 | 2.39 |
LC26-P16C | 16 | 1.807 | 24.13 | | 3.25 | 0.55 |
LC26-P16D | 16 | 1.773 | 21.31 | | 3.03 | 1.90 |
LC23-P10A | 10 | 1.867 | 26.42 | 24.17 | 1.89 | 1.15 |
LC23-P10B | 10 | 1.826 | 24.33 | | 1.17 | 0.55 |
LC23-P10D | 10 | 1.780 | 27.69 | | 1.57 | 0.61 |
LC23-P12B | 12 | 1.807 | 31.31 | | 1.23 | 0.13 |
LC23-P12C | 12 | 1.695 | 18.85 | | 1.39 | 0.81 |
LC23-P12D | 12 | 1.754 | 19.03 | | 1.39 | 0.57 |
LC23-P16A | 16 | 1.877 | 25.50 | | 1.40 | 1.90 |
LC23-P16C | 16 | 1.703 | 20.20 | | 2.04 | 0.47 |
LC20-P10A | 10 | 1.706 | 22.23 | 20.84 | 1.62 | 0.137 |
LC20-P10C | 10 | 1.687 | 19.42 | | 1.47 | 1.52 |
LC20-P10D | 10 | 1.622 | 20.31 | | 1.75 | 0.25 |
LC20-P12A | 12 | 1.723 | 21.67 | | 1.04 | 0.19 |
LC20-P12B | 12 | 1.750 | 20.58 | | 1.15 | 0.16 |
LC20-P16B | 16 | 1.796 | 21.81 | | 1.93 | 0.14 |
LC20-P16C | 16 | 1.775 | 21.60 | | 1.87 | 1.17 |
LC20-P10A | 10 | 1.706 | 22.23 | | 1.62 | 0.137 |
Table 6.
Normal concrete physical and mechanical properties obtained from non-destructive test and bond strength–slip data from pull-out test.
Table 6.
Normal concrete physical and mechanical properties obtained from non-destructive test and bond strength–slip data from pull-out test.
Series | Bar Dia. | Density (gr/cm3) | Concrete Strength (MPa) | Bond Strength | Slip |
---|
Non-Destructive | Average | Bond Strength (MPa), τu | Free and Slip (mm), S1 |
---|
NC23-P16A | 16 | 2.330 | 22.33 | 22.96 | 2.39 | 0.85 |
NC23-P16B | 16 | 2.363 | 23.35 | | 1.53 | 2.11 |
NC23-P16C | 16 | 2.388 | 23.21 | | 2.13 | 0.36 |