Hybrid Lime–Pozzolan Geopolymer Systems: Microstructural, Mechanical and Durability Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Experimental Procedure
3. Results
3.1. Compressive Strength
3.2. Durability Studies in Mortars
3.2.1. Freeze-Thaw Cycles
3.2.2. Capillary Water Absorption
3.3. Studies in Pastes
Thermogravimetric Analysis
4. Conclusions
- -
- The hybrid binder improves compressive strength and yields good values at 3–7 curing days.
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- The systems with alternative silica sources obtain similar results to commercial reagents. This is a very important goal for achieving more environmentally friendly systems.
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- The CWAC values of the hybrid systems are lower than those of their respective traditional systems. This behaviour is positive in durability terms.
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- The mechanical properties after the freeze–thaw cycles for the hybrid systems are significantly better than for the traditional hydrated lime-based system.
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- The TGA performed with the cured pastes shows that the nature of cementing gels changes with the presence of geopolymeric binders, and the consumption of hydrated lime is completed at early curing ages because of C(N)-A-S-H gel formation.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Al2O3 | SiO2 | CaO | Fe2O3 | K2O | Na2O | P2O5 | MgO | SO3 | Other | LOI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FCC | 49.26 | 47.76 | 0.11 | 0.60 | 0.02 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 1.23 | 0.51 |
RHA | 0.25 | 85.58 | 1.83 | 0.21 | 3.39 | - | 0.67 | 0.50 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 6.99 |
RDE | 5.67 | 81.70 | 1.28 | 3.71 | 0.86 | 1.30 | 0.36 | 0.41 | - | 1.37 | 3.34 |
Lime–Pozzolan Binder | Geopolymeric Binder | Sand | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lime | Pozzolan | H2O | FCC | Alkaline-Activating Solution | |||||
H2O | NaOH | Na2SiO3 | RHA or RDE | ||||||
T-FCC | 262.5 | 262.5 | 420.0 | - | - | - | - | - | 1575.0 |
H-FCC/C | 183.8 | 183.8 | 294.0 | 157.5 | 37.8 | 19.2 | 88.6 | - | 1575.0 |
H-FCC/RHA | 183.8 | 183.8 | 294.0 | 157.5 | 94.5 | 37.8 | - | 27.6 | 1575.0 |
H-FCC/RDE | 183.8 | 183.8 | 294.0 | 157.5 | 94.5 | 37.8 | - | 27.6 | 1575.0 |
T-RHA | 175 | 350.0 | 420.0 | - | - | - | - | - | 1575.0 |
H-RHA/C | 122.5 | 245.0 | 294.0 | 157.5 | 37.8 | 19.2 | 88.6 | - | 1575.0 |
H-RHA/RHA | 122.5 | 245.0 | 294.0 | 157.5 | 94.5 | 37.8 | - | 27.6 | 1575.0 |
H-RHA/RDE | 122.5 | 245.0 | 294.0 | 157.5 | 94.5 | 37.8 | - | 27.6 | 1575.0 |
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Villca, A.R.; Soriano, L.; Borrachero, M.V.; Payá, J.; Monzó, J.M.; Tashima, M.M. Hybrid Lime–Pozzolan Geopolymer Systems: Microstructural, Mechanical and Durability Studies. Materials 2022, 15, 2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082736
Villca AR, Soriano L, Borrachero MV, Payá J, Monzó JM, Tashima MM. Hybrid Lime–Pozzolan Geopolymer Systems: Microstructural, Mechanical and Durability Studies. Materials. 2022; 15(8):2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082736
Chicago/Turabian StyleVillca, Ariel Rey, Lourdes Soriano, María Victoria Borrachero, Jordi Payá, José María Monzó, and Mauro Mitsuuchi Tashima. 2022. "Hybrid Lime–Pozzolan Geopolymer Systems: Microstructural, Mechanical and Durability Studies" Materials 15, no. 8: 2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082736