Improvement of the Quality of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Subjected to Chemical Treatments: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Chemistry of Acid Treatment in RCA
3. RCA Properties
3.1. Water Absorption
3.2. Determination of Mortar Loss
3.3. Bulk Density
3.4. Microscopic Analysis of the RCA
4. Properties of Concrete with Treated RCA
4.1. Fresh-State Properties and Density
4.2. Compressive Strength
4.3. Tensile Strength
4.4. Modulus of Elasticity
4.5. Shrinkage
4.6. Chloride Ion Penetrability and Carbonation Resistance
4.7. Interfacial Zone between Cement Paste and RCA
5. Statistical Analysis
Statistical Analysis of RCA Properties
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measured Parameters | Technique | References |
---|---|---|
Water absorption | Immersion of RCA in acidic HCl, H2SO4, and H3PO4 | Tam et al. [15] |
Water absorption, mortar content, and bulk density | Immersion of RCA in acidic H2SO4 | Akbarnezhad et al. [6,7] |
Water absorption, mortar content, bulk density, and microscopic analysis of the RCA | Immersion of RCA in acidic HCl | Ismail and Ramli [9,10] |
Water absorption | Immersion of RCA in acidic HCl and H2SO4 | Purushothaman et al. [13] |
Water absorption | Immersion of RCA in acidic HNO3 | Pandurangan [6,12] |
Water absorption, mortar content, and bulk density | Immersion of RCA in acidic HCl, H2SO4 and HNO3 | Saravankumar et al. [14] |
Water absorption, mortar content, and microscopic analysis of the RCA | Immersion of RCA in acidic HCl and C2H4O2 | Al-Bayati et al. [8] |
Water absorption and mortar content | Immersion of RCA in acidic HCl and Na2SO4 | Kim et al. [11] |
Mortar content | Immersion of RCA in acidic HCl | Juan and Gutierrez [50] |
Mortar content | Immersion of RCA in sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) | Abbas et al. [5,51] |
Water absorption, bulk density, and specific gravity | Immersion of RCA in acidic H2SO4 | Tang et al. [49] |
Water absorption and apparent density | Immersion of RCA in acidic CH3COOH | Want et al. [20] |
Parameter | Concrete Mix | References |
---|---|---|
Density | Concrete with RCA treated with HCl and Na2SO4 | Al-Bayati et al. [8] |
Workability of concrete, density compressive strength, tensile strength, UPV, modulus of elasticity (E), and shrinkage | Concrete with RCA treated with HCl | Ismail and Ramli [9,10] |
Workability of concrete and compressive strength | Concrete with RCA treated with HNO3 | Pandurangan et al. [12] |
Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity (E) | Concrete with RCA treated with HCl, H2SO4, and H3PO4 | Purushothaman et al. [13] |
Compressive strength | Concrete with RCA treated with HCl, H2SO4, and HNO3 | Saravanakumar et al. [14] |
Compressive strength, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity (E) | Concrete with RCA treated with HCl, H2SO4, and H3PO4 | Tam et al. [15] |
Compressive strength, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity (E) | Concrete with RCA treated with HCl and H2SO4 | Wang et al. [20] |
Compressive strength | Concrete with RCA treated with HNO3 | Pandurangan et al. [12] |
Compressive strength, chloride ion penetrability, and carbonation resistance | Concrete with RCA treated with HCl and Na2SO4 | Kim et al. [11] |
Compressive strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity (E) | Mortar with RCA treated with HCl and H2SO4 | Kim et al. [60] |
Workability of concrete | Concrete with RCA treated with HCl and HNO3 | Butler et al. [57] |
Molarity (M) | Time (days) | Size of Aggregate (mm) | Water Absorption (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Molarity (M) | 1 | - | - | - |
p-Value | 1 | - | - | - |
Time | −0.094 | 1 | - | - |
p-Value | 0.633 | 1 | - | - |
Size of aggregate (mm) | 0.077 | −0.007 | 1 | - |
p-Value | 0.708 | 0.975 | 1 | - |
Water absorption (%) | −0.140 | 0.235 | −0.211 | 1 |
p-Value | 0.478 | 0.230 | 0.300 | 1 |
Mortar loss (%) | 0.400 | −0.170 | −0.368 | −0.632 |
p-Value | 0.050 | 0.415 | 0.077 | 0.000 |
Molarity (M) | Time (days) | Water Absorption (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Molarity (M) | 1 | - | - |
p-Value | 1 | - | - |
Time | −0.300 | 1 | - |
p-Value | 0.022 | 1 | - |
Water Absorption (%) | 0.055 | 0.135 | 1 |
p-Value | 0.889 | 0.730 | 1 |
Mortar loss (%) | 0.563 | −0.170 | −0.992 |
p-Value | 0.000 | 0.015 | 0.000 |
Aggregate Class | A | B | C | D | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | I | II | III | I | II | III | ||
Maximum water absorption (%) | 1.5 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 5 | 6.5 | 8.5 | 10.5 | 13 | 15 | No limit |
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Forero, J.A.; Brito, J.d.; Evangelista, L.; Pereira, C. Improvement of the Quality of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Subjected to Chemical Treatments: A Review. Materials 2022, 15, 2740. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082740
Forero JA, Brito Jd, Evangelista L, Pereira C. Improvement of the Quality of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Subjected to Chemical Treatments: A Review. Materials. 2022; 15(8):2740. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082740
Chicago/Turabian StyleForero, Javier A., Jorge de Brito, Luís Evangelista, and Cláudio Pereira. 2022. "Improvement of the Quality of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Subjected to Chemical Treatments: A Review" Materials 15, no. 8: 2740. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082740