Study on the Penetration Power of ZrO2 Toughened Al2O3 Ceramic Composite Projectile into Ceramic Composite Armor
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Test Preparation
2.1. Selection of ZTA Bullet Tip Material
2.2. Preparation Process of ZTA Projectile Material
2.3. Micro Fracture Analysis of ZTA Material
2.4. Experiment of Penetration Power
3. Simulation Calculation
3.1. Simulation Model
3.2. Material Parameters
4. Results and Analysis
4.1. Penetration of RHA Armor Steel
4.1.1. Experiment Results
4.1.2. Simulation Analysis
4.2. Penetration of Al2O3/RHA Composite Armor
4.2.1. Test Results
4.2.2. Simulation Analysis
5. Penetration Power Calculation
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Relative Density | Flexural Strength (MPa) | Fracture Toughness (MPa·m1/2) | Vickers Hardness (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
ZTA Ceramics | 98.5% | 1026 | 9.65 | 17.39 |
No. | Projectile Type | Projectile | Metal Core | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diameter /mm | Length /mm | Mass /g | Diameter /mm | Length /mm | Mass /g | ||
1# | Standard Projectile | 14.9 | 66.7 | 63.9 | 12.4 | 52.4 | 40.3 |
2# | ZTA Composite Projectile | 14.9 | 66.7 | 63.9 | 12.4 | 47.6 | 35.8 |
Materials | ρ/(g·cm−3) | G/GPa | HEL/GPa | A | B | C | M | N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al2O3 | 3.93 | 90.1 | 4.31 | 0.90 | 0.31 | 0.007 | 0.35 | 0.60 |
ZTA | 5.90 | 152 | 6.57 | 0.93 | 0.72 | 0.007 | 0.38 | 0.64 |
No. | Projectile Structure | Core Initial Mass | Initial Velocity (m/s) | Core Residual Mass | Leaving Velocity (m/s) | Damage of Armored Steel Target | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Entrance (mm) | Exit (mm) | ||||||
1#-a | Standard projectile | 40.3 g | 1012.4 | 20.6 g | 450.9 | Ø 19.2 | Ø 15.6 |
1#-b | 1003.2 | 19.8 g | 423.6 | Ø 19.3 | Ø 15.8 | ||
1#-c | 1011.8 | 21.1 g | 427.8 | Ø 18.2 | Ø 16.9 | ||
2#-a | ZTA Composite Projectile | 35.8 g | 1011.7 | 29.8 g | 514.4 | 22.9 × 15.7 | 17.8 × 15.7 |
2#-b | 1005.9 | 21.3 g | 522.3 | 21.9 × 16.3 | 17.7 × 15.4 | ||
2#-c | 1009.1 | 26.6 g | 513.4 | 23.6 × 15.1 | 19.4 × 16.6 |
No. | Projectile Structure | Core Initial Mass | Initial Velocity (m/s) | Core Residual Mass | Leaving Velocity (m/s) | Damage of Armored Steel Target | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hole Entry (mm) | Hole Exit (mm) | ||||||
1# | Standard Projectile | 40.3 g | 1000 | 19.5 g | 388.8 | Ø 18.7 | Ø 14.9 |
2# | ZTA Composite Projectile | 35.8 g | 1000 | 25.6 g | 493.9 | Ø 22.2 | Ø 15.6 |
No. | Projectile Structure | Core Initial Mass | Initial Velocity (m/s) | Core Residual Mass | Leaving Velocity (m/s) | Damage Effect of Al2O3/RHA Composite Target |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1#-a | Standard Projectile | 40.3 g | 998.2 | 11.2 g | 0 | The projectile penetrated the glass fiber and Al2O3 ceramic layer but did not penetrate the armored steel plate. The average tear range of glass fiber was Ø 33.2 mm for the front surface and Ø 64.7 mm for the back surface. The Al2O3 ceramic panel was broken, and there were many crushed ceramic blocks. The front armor steel had Ø 35 mm impact marks; the average size of the crater was 5.6 mm × 4.2 mm with a depth of 2.2 mm; there was no damage to the back. |
1#-b | 1004.4 | 10.8 g | 0 | |||
1#-c | 1009.8 | 11.9 g | 0 | |||
2#-a | ZTA Composite Projectile | 35.8 g | 1001.7 | 18.4 g | 234.0 | The projectile completely penetrated the Al2O3/RHA composite armor. The average tear range of glass fiber was 37.9 mm × 25.3 mm on the front surface, and 90.7 mm × 63.2 mm on the back surface. The Al2O3 ceramic panel was broken; the size of fragments was relatively uniform. Fillings were formed when the projectile penetrated the armor steel; the average sizes of the front and back bullet holes were 21.5 mm × 19.2 mm and 22.3 mm × 16.9 mm. |
2#-b | 996.9 | 17.6 g | 231.4 | |||
2#-c | 1007.4 | 19.2 g | 257.9 |
No. | Projectile Structure | Core Initial Mass | Initial Velocity (m/s) | Core Residual Mass | Leaving Velocity (m/s) | Damage Effect of Al2O3/RHA Composite Target |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1# | Standard Projectile | 40.3 g | 1000 | 10.8 g | 0 | The Al2O3 ceramic panel was broken; the damage range was Ø 119.6 mm. The projectile failed to penetrate the back target of the armored steel; the penetration depth was 1.3 mm. |
2# | ZTA Composite Projectile | 35.8 g | 1000 | 17.4 g | 192.3 | The Al2O3 ceramic panel was broken with Ø 109.7 mm of the damage range. The projectile penetrated the back target of the 15 mm armored steel and formed a filling. |
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Yang, R.; Li, K.; Yin, L.; Ren, K.; Cheng, Y.; Li, T.; Fu, J.; Zhao, T.; Chen, Z.; Yang, J. Study on the Penetration Power of ZrO2 Toughened Al2O3 Ceramic Composite Projectile into Ceramic Composite Armor. Materials 2022, 15, 2909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082909
Yang R, Li K, Yin L, Ren K, Cheng Y, Li T, Fu J, Zhao T, Chen Z, Yang J. Study on the Penetration Power of ZrO2 Toughened Al2O3 Ceramic Composite Projectile into Ceramic Composite Armor. Materials. 2022; 15(8):2909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082909
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Rui, Kuiwu Li, Likui Yin, Kai Ren, Yu Cheng, Taotao Li, Jianping Fu, Taiyong Zhao, Zhigang Chen, and Jinlong Yang. 2022. "Study on the Penetration Power of ZrO2 Toughened Al2O3 Ceramic Composite Projectile into Ceramic Composite Armor" Materials 15, no. 8: 2909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082909