Experimental and Numerical Investigations on the Damage Induced in the Shearing Process for QP980 Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Material
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Shearing Experiment
2.2.2. Microstructure Characterization
2.2.3. Mechanical Property Tests
2.2.4. FEM Simulation for the Shearing Process
- Material property
- 2.
- Modeling and meshing
- 3.
- Ductile fracture criteria
Ductile Fracture Criteria | Equations |
---|---|
Freudenthal [44] | |
Cockcroft and Latham [45] | |
Rice and Tracey [46] | |
Brozzo [47] | |
Oh [48] | |
Oyane-Sato [49] |
Material | /MPa | /MPa | /MPa | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
QP980 | 230.53 | 213.49 | 0.089 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 2.08 |
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of Deformation and Damage Evolution in the Shearing Process
3.1.1. Shearing Deformation
3.1.2. Analysis of Microvoids Generated in the Shearing Process
3.1.3. Study of Microcracks Formed in the Shearing Process
3.1.4. Characterization of Work-Hardening Behavior
3.2. Finite Element Analysis of Shearing Process
3.3. Evaluation of Tensile Property of Sheared Edge
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Three kinds of damage generated by mechanical deformation in the shearing process including microvoids, microcracks, and work-hardening behavior were determined, and the damage degree increased with the increasing shearing clearance. The optimum formability of the sheared edge with minimal damage validated by the tensile test was obtained under the shearing clearance of 5%t.
- (2)
- Two different types of microvoids were identified based on the nucleation site. A large number of microvoids with small sizes (≤5 μm) were formed at phase interfaces, and a few microvoids generated from inclusions had large sizes of more than 5 μm. The V-shape microcrack evolved from the microvoid distributed in the sheared surface, which is a crucial factor for it can result in edge failure in the next forming process.
- (3)
- Obvious work-hardening behavior appeared in the sheared edge. The longest work-hardening distance (800 μm) was located in the burnish zone, while the highest microhardness (>420 HV) occurred in the fracture zone, which further increases the risk of sheared-edge cracking. Therefore, reducing the depth of the fracture zone and controlling the damage degree are the key to improving the formability of sheared edges.
- (4)
- Six widely applicated uncoupled ductile fracture models, including Freudenthal, Cockcroft and Latham, Rice and Tracey, Brozzeo, Oh, and Oyane-Sato models, were successfully introduced to simulate the shearing process through developing user-defined subroutine VUSDFLD in Abaqus. The simulation results of the Cockcroft and Latham model agree with experimental results better than others. The determination of suitable ductile fracture criteria for QP980 steel and accurate simulations are useful for engineers to shorten the time and cost of designing an optimum shearing process.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Thickness/mm | Yield Strength/MPa | Tensile Strength/MPa | Total Elongation/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
QP980 | 1.6 | 606.4 | 1098.7 | 21.4 |
Material | /MPa | /MPa | /MPa | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
QP980 | 1967.75 | 0.0025 | 0.22 | 1296.54 | 576.63 | 25,889.67 | 0.70 |
Element | Weight (%) | Atomic (%) |
---|---|---|
O | 60.15 | 74.19 |
Al | 14.02 | 10.26 |
S | 23.02 | 14.17 |
Ca | 2.81 | 1.38 |
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Han, S.; Chang, Y.; Wang, C.; Han, Y.; Dong, H. Experimental and Numerical Investigations on the Damage Induced in the Shearing Process for QP980 Steel. Materials 2022, 15, 3254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093254
Han S, Chang Y, Wang C, Han Y, Dong H. Experimental and Numerical Investigations on the Damage Induced in the Shearing Process for QP980 Steel. Materials. 2022; 15(9):3254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093254
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Shuo, Ying Chang, Cunyu Wang, Yun Han, and Han Dong. 2022. "Experimental and Numerical Investigations on the Damage Induced in the Shearing Process for QP980 Steel" Materials 15, no. 9: 3254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093254