The Mechanisms of Inhibition Effects on Bubble Growth in He-Irradiated 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructures of the Pristine Samples
3.2. He Bubbles in CR 316L and SLM 316L Samples
3.3. Effects of SGBs on the Bubbles in SLM 316L
3.4. Effects of Nano-Scale Oxide Particles on the Bubbles in SLM 316L
3.5. Difference in He Density inside the Bubbles between CR 316L and SLM 316L
4. Conclusions
- Under the same He irradiation condition, the average diameter of He bubbles in the SLM 316L sample is smaller than that in the CR 316L sample, while the bubble densities are basically consistent in both types of 316L.
- The effects of unique sub-grain boundaries have primary contributions to the decreased bubble diameter in SLM 316L, especially at low irradiation dose conditions. However, the nano-sized oxide particles with low local density may not be efficient sinks for irradiation defects, nor the main factor that dominates the decreased bubble diameter in SLM 316L for the irradiation condition in this study.
- The detectable differences in He densities inside the bubbles were found in SLM 316L and CR 316L via EELS measurements. The inhibition effects of increased He density on bubble growth were explained as two mechanisms: Firstly, increased He densities have an inhibition effect on the coalescence of small bubbles. Secondly, high He densities can stabilize the bubbles and reduce reabsorbed vacancies.
- The differences in He density inside the bubbles with different diameters in SLM 316L and CR 316L follow a linear deceasing trend, which is attributed to the combination of the Young–Laplace law and internal stress fields in SLM 316L. It indicates that, in SLM 316L, the stress-dominated increase in He density is more significant in small-sized bubbles than that in bubbles with large sizes.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fe | Cr | Ni | Mo | Mn | Si | C | S/P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CR 316L | Bal. | 16.94 | 10.50 | 2.07 | 1.18 | 0.29 | 0.02 | <0.01 |
SLM 316L | Bal. | 17.22 | 10.15 | 2.25 | 1.06 | 0.43 | 0.02 | <0.01 |
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Shen, S.; Sun, Z.; Hao, L.; Liu, X.; Zhang, J.; Yang, K.; Liu, P.; Tang, X.; Fu, E. The Mechanisms of Inhibition Effects on Bubble Growth in He-Irradiated 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting. Materials 2023, 16, 3922. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16113922
Shen S, Sun Z, Hao L, Liu X, Zhang J, Yang K, Liu P, Tang X, Fu E. The Mechanisms of Inhibition Effects on Bubble Growth in He-Irradiated 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting. Materials. 2023; 16(11):3922. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16113922
Chicago/Turabian StyleShen, Shangkun, Zhangjie Sun, Liyu Hao, Xing Liu, Jian Zhang, Kunjie Yang, Peng Liu, Xiaobin Tang, and Engang Fu. 2023. "The Mechanisms of Inhibition Effects on Bubble Growth in He-Irradiated 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting" Materials 16, no. 11: 3922. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16113922