A Comparison of Capacitive Deionization and Membrane Capacitive Deionization Using Novel Fabricated Ion Exchange Membranes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Electrode Fabrication Method
2.3. Ion Exchange Membranes Fabrication
2.4. The Characterisation of IEMs
2.4.1. The Ion-Exchange Capacity (IEC)
2.4.2. The Percentage of Swelling
2.4.3. Determination of Perm-Selectivity for Membranes
2.4.4. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)
2.4.5. Water Contact Angle
2.5. Capacitive Deionization Set-Up
2.6. Experimental Procedure
2.7. Evaluation of the Efficiency and Performance of the Capacitive Deionization
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Ion-Exchange Membranes Characterisations
3.1.1. Characterization of Fabricated Cellulose Acetate IEMs vs. Other Membranes Used in MCDI
3.1.2. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)
3.1.3. Contact Angles
3.2. Changes in Treated Water Conductivity with Cell Potential (Single Pass MCDI)
3.3. Batch vs. Single-Pass Mode of Operation
3.4. CDI vs. MCDI (Single-Pass Mode)
3.5. Effect of pH
4. Conclusions
- This study demonstrates that the deacetylated heterogeneous IEMs may be simply manufactured using the phase inversion approach.
- When IEMs were placed in front of the electrodes, there was a discernible increase in both the charge efficiency and the salt adsorption rates.
- Since a sudden increase or reduction in pH is not desirable for the generation of fresh water, MCDI, as opposed to CDI, only slightly alters the pH of the water. This is an additional advantage of MCDI over CDI.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Desalination Technology | Driving Force | Energy Consumption (kWh/m3) | Cost of Water USD/m3 | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|
MSF | Thermally driven | 5–6 | 0.56–1.75 | [69] |
MED | 3–4 | 0.52–8 | [70] | |
ED | Potential difference | 2.6–5.5 | 0.6–1.05 | [71] |
Seawater RO | Pressure | 5.1–7.45 | 0.45–1.72 | [72] |
Brackish Water RO | 1 | 0.26–1.3 | [73] | |
CDI | Potential difference | 0.1–1.5 | 0.11 | [68,74] |
Membrane Type | Characterizations | Ref. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thickness (μm) | % Swelling | % Perm-Selectivity | IEC, mmol eq/g | Electrical Resistance (Ω cm2) | ||
VBC-EMA-St | – | 23–68 | 0.9–1.7 | 1.6–8.8 | [89] | |
QPVA | – | 7–31 | 1.2–2.8 | – | [90] | |
PVDF-g-VBC | – | 12–56 | 0.4–1.3 | 2.0–15 | [91] | |
PE-CMS | 29 | 5 | 3.0 | 0.3 | [92] | |
QPPO | 62–70 | 10–90 | 1.3–2.6 | 1.0–9.0 | [93] | |
CA-AEM | 0.581 | 70.87 | 37 | 1.34 | 5 | This study |
Membrane Type | Characterizations | Ref. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thickness (μm) | % Swelling | % Perm-Selectivity | IEC, mmol eq/g | Electrical Resistance (Ω cm2) | ||
VBC-EMA-St | – | 76–121 | 0.5–1.0 | 0.6–2.8 | [89] | |
PE-CSPS | 25 | 26–36 | 0.7–1.0 | 0.3–0.6 | [94] | |
PVDF-g-PSVBS | – | 7–61 | 0.1–1.1 | 2–60 | [95] | |
sPEEK | 100 | 28–47 | 2.0–2.3 | 0.5–0.9 | [96] | |
sPBC | – | 40–200 | 1.0–2.0 | – | [97] | |
CA-CEM | 0.526 | 74.28 | 44.88 | 1.47 | 5 | This study |
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Elewa, M.M.; El Batouti, M.; Al-Harby, N.F. A Comparison of Capacitive Deionization and Membrane Capacitive Deionization Using Novel Fabricated Ion Exchange Membranes. Materials 2023, 16, 4872. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134872
Elewa MM, El Batouti M, Al-Harby NF. A Comparison of Capacitive Deionization and Membrane Capacitive Deionization Using Novel Fabricated Ion Exchange Membranes. Materials. 2023; 16(13):4872. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134872
Chicago/Turabian StyleElewa, Mahmoud M., Mervette El Batouti, and Nouf F. Al-Harby. 2023. "A Comparison of Capacitive Deionization and Membrane Capacitive Deionization Using Novel Fabricated Ion Exchange Membranes" Materials 16, no. 13: 4872. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134872