Combined Effects of HA Concentration and Unit Cell Geometry on the Biomechanical Behavior of PCL/HA Scaffold for Tissue Engineering Applications Produced by LPBF
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Production
2.2. Morphological and Structural Characterization
2.3. Haralick’s Surface Analysis
2.4. Roughness
2.5. XµCT
2.6. Mechanical Tests
2.7. Biological Tests
2.7.1. Cell Culture and Seeding
2.7.2. Cell Viability
2.7.3. Cell Morphology
2.8. PhC-XµCT
3. Results
3.1. Powder Characterization
3.2. Scaffold Characterization
3.2.1. SEM Analysis
3.2.2. Haralick’s Surface Analysis
3.2.3. Roughness
3.2.4. XµCT
3.3. Mechanical Test
3.4. Cell Adhesion and Proliferation
3.5. PhC-XµCT
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Mechanical tests evidenced three deformation regimes: elastic, plastic and densification:
- ○
- In the elastic regime, geometry of the elementary unit cell governs the behavior of the scaffold containing the lowest amount of HA (5 wt.%), while at higher concentrations (30 wt.% and 50 wt.% HA) the mechanical response depends on the material properties;
- ○
- In the plastic regime, for scaffolds with 5 and 30 wt.% HA, the DO geometry requires higher load to achieve the same deformation value of RD, while for scaffolds with 50 wt.% HA the load values are almost the same;
- ○
- In the densification regime, the ultimate compressive strength decreases with an increasing of HA amount;
- Regardless of elementary unit cell geometry (DO or RD) or HA amount (5, 30 or 50 wt.%), scaffolds presented an ultimate compressive strength value in the range of human mandibular trabecular bone;
- The biological response of hMSCs after 24 h of culture is mostly affected by material composition, with enhancement of cell adhesion for HA amounts of 30 and 50 wt.%;
- After 4 days of culture, cell viability is affected by elementary unit cell geometry, with RD30 and RD50 being the most favorable environments for cell proliferation. Moreover, higher micro-porosity values accelerate the biomaterial degradative process.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phase | Parameter | DO5 | RD5 | DO30 | RD30 | DO50 | RD50 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acquisition | Pixel size [μm] | 11.5 | |||||
Rotation step [deg.] | 0.4 for 180 | ||||||
Frame averaging | 2 | ||||||
Al filter [mm] | No filter | 0.25 | 0.25 | ||||
Exposure time [s] | 1.6 | 3 | 4 | ||||
Reconstruction | Smoothing | 1 | 2 | 2 | |||
Ring artifact reduction | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||||
Beam hardening correction [%] | 5 | 20 | 25 |
Ca/P (at.%) | |||
---|---|---|---|
HA 5% | HA 30% | HA 50% | |
Powder | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 |
DO | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.2 |
RD | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.1 |
Parameter | DO | RD | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DO5 | DO30 | DO50 | RD5 | RD30 | RD50 | ||
Ssk | Symmetry of roughness profile with respect to mean line | −0.5 | −0.24 | −1.3 | −0.6 | −0.4 | 0.2 |
Sku | Sharpness of roughness profile | 2.6 | 2.4 | 4.4 | 2.8 | 4.28 | 3.2 |
Parameter | DO | RD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DO5 | DO30 | DO50 | RD5 | RD30 | RD50 | |
Total porosity [%] | 65 ± 1 | 56 ± 4 | 64 ± 2 | 70 ± 1 | 53 ± 1 | 69.5 ± 0.5 |
Scaffold micro-porosity [%] | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 5.9 ± 0.4 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 3.7 ± 0.3 | 3.1 ± 0.1 |
Mechanical Parameter | DO | RD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DO5 | DO30 | DO50 | RD5 | RD30 | RD50 | |
E (MPa) | 10.8 ± 0.6 | 13 ± 2 | 8 ± 2 | 7.2 ± 0.5 | 11.6 ± 0.7 | 6.3 ± 0.1 |
σUC (MPa) | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 2.20 ± 0.05 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 1.07 ± 0.01 |
DO | RD | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DO5 | DO30 | DO50 | RD5 | RD30 | RD50 | |
HA [wt.%] | 9 ± 2 | 50 ± 20 | 70 ± 20 | 8 ± 1 | 50 ±10 | 70 ± 20 |
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Gatto, M.L.; Furlani, M.; Giuliani, A.; Cabibbo, M.; Bloise, N.; Fassina, L.; Petruczuk, M.; Visai, L.; Mengucci, P. Combined Effects of HA Concentration and Unit Cell Geometry on the Biomechanical Behavior of PCL/HA Scaffold for Tissue Engineering Applications Produced by LPBF. Materials 2023, 16, 4950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16144950
Gatto ML, Furlani M, Giuliani A, Cabibbo M, Bloise N, Fassina L, Petruczuk M, Visai L, Mengucci P. Combined Effects of HA Concentration and Unit Cell Geometry on the Biomechanical Behavior of PCL/HA Scaffold for Tissue Engineering Applications Produced by LPBF. Materials. 2023; 16(14):4950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16144950
Chicago/Turabian StyleGatto, Maria Laura, Michele Furlani, Alessandra Giuliani, Marcello Cabibbo, Nora Bloise, Lorenzo Fassina, Marlena Petruczuk, Livia Visai, and Paolo Mengucci. 2023. "Combined Effects of HA Concentration and Unit Cell Geometry on the Biomechanical Behavior of PCL/HA Scaffold for Tissue Engineering Applications Produced by LPBF" Materials 16, no. 14: 4950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16144950