Methods to Increase or Decrease Resistance to Photodegradation and Biodegradation of Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate (PU/PIR) Foams
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
- -
- Technical polymeric diisocyanate Purocyn B (supplied by Purinova, Bydgoszcz, Poland), whose main component was 4,4′-diphenyl-methane-diisocyanate (MDI). Density of Purocyn B at temperature of 25 °C was 1.23 g/cm3, viscosity was 200 mPas, and content of -NCO groups was 31.0%. Polyether and diisocyanate were characterized in accordance with appropriate standards like ASTM D 2849-69 and ASTM D 1638–70.
- -
- Rokopol RF-551—sorbitol oxyalkylation product (hydroxyl number—420 mg KOH/g, molecular weight—650 g/mol, functionality—4.5 (PCC Rokita S.A., Brzeg Dolny, Poland).
- -
- Stabilizer of foam structure—poly(oxyalkilene siloxane) surfactant Tegostab 8460 (Evonik, Essen, Germany).
- -
- Catalytic system: (a) trimerization catalyst—33% solution of anhydrous potassium acetate (Chempur, Poland) in diethylene glycol (Chempur, Poland); (b) polyurethane bond catalyst—33% solution of DABCO (1.4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, MA, USA) in diethylene glycol (Chempur, Poland).
- -
- Blowing agent—carbon dioxide produced in situ in the reaction between water and isocyanate groups.
- -
- Flame retardant—Roflam P tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (V) (PCC Rokita S.A., Henryka Sienkiewicza str. 4, 56-120 Brzeg Dolny, Poland).
- -
- Modifiers: (a) instant freeze-dried coffee Green Bellarom (Lidl, Bydgoszcz, Poland); (b) industrial food cocoa DecoMorreno (producent code 000136, Lidl Bydgoszcz, Poland) (Table 1).
2.2. Synthesis of the Rigid PU/PIR Foams
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Analysis of Foaming Process
2.3.2. Thermostating in a Dryer
2.3.3. Aging in a Climate Chamber
2.3.4. Apparent Density
2.3.5. Compressive Strength
2.3.6. Foam Structure (SEM)
2.3.7. Chemical Structure (FTIR)
2.3.8. Measurement of Foam Color
2.3.9. Softening Point
2.3.10. Retention
2.3.11. Water Absorption and Absorbability
2.3.12. Closed Cell Content
2.3.13. Thermal Resistance
2.3.14. Standard Deviation from the Arithmetic Mean
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Foaming Process and Density
3.2. SEM
3.3. Aging Measurement
3.4. Retention, Fragility, OI
3.5. Conductivity versus Foam Density and Cell Size
3.6. Water Absorption, Absorbability, Closed Cell Content
3.7. Compressive Strength
3.8. FTIR
3.8.1. Influence of Degradation Time on Absorbance of W, K5 and KR5
3.8.2. Influence of Degradation Time on Absorbance of K15 and KR15
3.8.3. Influence of Type and Amount of Filler on Absorbance of Foam Degraded 3 Weeks (Foams 3t)
3.9. Color of Foams
3.10. Thermal Properties
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Content In KR Foam | Content in K Foam |
---|---|---|
Polyphenols (e.g., flavonoids, phenol acids, chlorogenic acid) | 45.0% | 0.0% |
Minerals | 4.4% | <0.3 ppm |
Carrier to active substances (e.g., lignin, cellulose, polysaccharides) Fat Carbohydrates | About 50.6% - 41% | About 94.9% 10.5% 13.0% |
Filler (wt.%) | ||
---|---|---|
Foam | Instant Coffee | Cocoa |
W_0t | 0 | 0 |
KR5_0t | 5 | 0 |
KR10_0t | 10 | 0 |
KR15_0t | 15 | 0 |
K5_0t | 0 | 5 |
K10_0t | 0 | 10 |
K15_0t | 0 | 15 |
Foam | Cream Time (s) | String Gel Time (s) | Tack Free Time (s) | Free Rise Time (s) | Tmax (°C) | Apparent Density (Kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W_0t | 10 | 21 | 23 | 40 | 142 | 38.44 ± 3.6 |
KR5_0t | 10 | 27 | 30 | 41 | 160 | 37.67 ± 3.6 |
KR10_0t | 10 | 33 | 35 | 45 | 140 | 39.36 ± 3.6 |
KR15_0t | 10 | 37 | 40 | 55 | 149 | 41.46 ± 3.6 |
K5_0t | 10 | 27 | 29 | 40 | 153 | 35.12 ± 3.6 |
K10_0t | 10 | 28 | 31 | 43 | 146 | 36.52 ± 3.6 |
K15_0t | 10 | 29 | 35 | 48 | 139 | 30.09 ± 3.6 |
Foam | H (μm) | W (μm) | AC (−) | SA (mm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
W_0t | 231 ± 29 | 203 ± 30 | 1.14 ± 0.27 | 0.047 ± 0.01 |
W_1t | 208 ± 29 | 193 ± 30 | 1.08 ± 0.27 | 0.040 ± 0.01 |
W_3t | 217 ± 29 | 170 ± 30 | 1.30 ± 0.27 | 0.037 ± 0.01 |
K15_0t | 200 ± 29 | 149 ± 30 | 1.34 ± 0.27 | 0.030 ± 0.01 |
K15_1t | 217 ± 29 | 188 ± 30 | 1.15 ± 0.27 | 0.041 ± 0.01 |
K15_3t | 164 ± 29 | 138 ± 30 | 1.19 ± 0.27 | 0.023 ± 0.01 |
KR15_0t | 268 ± 29 | 215 ± 30 | 1.24 ± 0.27 | 0.058 ± 0.01 |
KR15_1t | 205 ± 29 | 138 ± 30 | 1.49 ± 0.27 | 0.028 ± 0.01 |
KR15_3t | 168 ± 29 | 131 ± 30 | 1.28 ± 0.27 | 0.022 ± 0.01 |
Foam | ∆lz (%) | ∆lp (%) | ∆V (%) | ∆m (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
W_48 | +0.39 ± 0.01 | +0.39 ± 0.01 | −1.77 ± 0.01 | +3.27 ± 0.01 |
K5_48 | +1.38 ± 0.01 | +0.98 ± 0.01 | −2.93 ± 0.01 | +4.27 ± 0.01 |
K10_48 | −1.39 ± 0.01 | +1.12 ± 0.01 | −3.08 ± 0.01 | +4.56 ± 0.01 |
K15_48 | +1.40 ± 0.01 | +2.94 ± 0.01 | −4.68 ± 0.01 | +5.63 ± 0.01 |
KR5_48 | +0.16 ± 0.01 | +0.10 ± 0.01 | −0.44 ± 0.01 | +0.60 ± 0.01 |
KR10_48 | +0.16 ± 0.01 | +0.12 ± 0.01 | −0.34 ± 0.01 | +1.10 ± 0.01 |
KR15_48 | +0.16 ± 0.01 | +0.14 ± 0.01 | −0.42 ± 0.01 | +0.71 ± 0.01 |
Foam | K (%) | Λ (kW/mK) ±0.00006 | OI (%vol. of O2) | R (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
W_0t | 16.42 ± 6.25 | 0.0289 | 24.7 ± 0.52 | 83.44 ± 2 |
KR5_0t | 18.96 ± 6.25 | 0.0350 | 24.4 ± 0.52 | 84.96 ± 2 |
KR10_0t | 13.97 ± 6.25 | 0.0350 | 24.3 ± 0.52 | 84.68 ± 2 |
KR15_0t | 13.79 ± 6.25 | 0.0350 | 24.2 ± 0.52 | 82.62 ± 2 |
K5_0t | 17.82 ± 1.85 | 0.0350 | 24.2 ± 0.52 | 84.54 ± 2 |
K10_0t | 13.14 ± 1.85 | 0.0350 | 23.8 ± 0.52 | 81.71 ± 2 |
K15_0t | 14.09 ± 1.85 | 0.0350 | 23.0 ± 0.52 | 78.17 ± 2 |
Foam | N (%) | Ch (%) | Z (%) | Sp (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|
W_0t | 12.33 ± 13 | 5.15 ± 4.8 | 87.0 ± 24 | 184 ± 6 |
KR5_0t | 23.51 ± 13 | 2.72 ± 4.8 | 44.1 ± 24 | 178 ± 6 |
KR10_0t | 29.98 ± 13 | 2.86 ± 4.8 | 32.7 ± 24 | 180 ± 6 |
KR15_0t | 53.37 ± 13 | 16.16 ± 4.8 | 9.6 ± 24 | 184 ± 6 |
K5_0t | 19.45 ± 13 | 0.84 ± 4.8 | 41.1 ± 24 | 192 ± 6 |
K10_0t | 24.55 ± 13 | 2.14 ± 4.8 | 30.2 ± 24 | 183 ± 6 |
K15_0t | 43.81 ± 13 | 4.62 ± 4.8 | 9.0 ± 24 | 171 ± 6 |
Foam | CSa_0t (kPas) | CSb_0t (kPas) | CSb_2t (kPas) | CSb_3t (kPas) | CV1 (−) | CV2 (−) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W_0t | 128.21 ± 19 | 251.63 ± 42 | 151.80 ± 18 | 140.60 ± 21 | 60.3 ± 9.6 | 55.9 ± 9 |
KR5_0t | 101.87 ± 19 | 167.82 ± 42 | 134.00 ± 18 | 90.95 ± 21 | 79.8 ± 9.6 | 76.9 ± 9 |
KR10_0t | 129.79 ± 19 | 199.14 ± 42 | 99.98 ± 18 | 89.86 ± 21 | 50.2 ± 9.6 | 54.2 ± 9 |
KR15_0t | 83.96 ± 19 | 131.40 ± 42 | 88.19 ± 18 | 67.45 ± 21 | 67.6 ± 9.6 | 51.3 ± 9 |
K5_0t | 111.07 ± 19 | 188.12 ± 42 | 124.20 ± 18 | 115.71 ± 21 | 66.0 ± 9.6 | 61.5 ± 9 |
K10_0t | 94.45 ± 19 | 135.81 ± 42 | 108.55 ± 18 | 97.14 ± 21 | 66.0 ± 9.6 | 71.5 ± 9 |
K15_0t | 76.15 ± 19 | 126.69 ± 42 | 99.81 ± 18 | 88.19 ± 21 | 78.8 ± 9.6 | 69.6 ± 9 |
Sample | L* (−) | a* (−) | b* (−) | ΔE (−) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Foam 0t | ||||
W_0t | 82.07 | −0.59 | 23.74 | 85.43665 |
K5_0t | 78.96 | 2.46 | 17.32 | 80.87469 |
K15_0t | 71.89 | 5.4 | 16.47 | 73.94994 |
KR5_0t | 83.29 | −0.93 | 15.85 | 84.78981 |
Foam 1t | ||||
W_1t | 73.01 | 4.82 | 37.64 | 82.28282 |
K5_1t | 63.65 | 15.17 | 38.75 | 76.04613 |
K15_1t | 62.41 | 16.72 | 37.93 | 74.92164 |
KR5_1t | 61.72 | 17.94 | 43.81 | 77.78508 |
KR10_1t | 61.49 | 14.75 | 40.93 | 75.32495 |
KR15_1t | 60.35 | 11.83 | 37.02 | 71.78128 |
Foam 2t | ||||
W_2t | 62.73 | 4.94 | 31.58 | 70.40421 |
K5_2t | 53.53 | 20.90 | 44.57 | 72.72383 |
K15_2t | 51.03 | 21.22 | 42.81 | 69.90741 |
KR5_2t | 51.53 | 21.69 | 43.99 | 71.14012 |
KR15_2t | 45.64 | 21.82 | 41.70 | 65.55923 |
Foam 3t | ||||
W_3t | 53.93 | 16.97 | 38.54 | 68.42337 |
K5_3t | 47.32 | 22.77 | 41.71 | 67.06250 |
K15_3t | 49.02 | 21.74 | 40.42 | 67.15180 |
KR5_3t | 49.10 | 23.49 | 47.65 | 72.34026 |
KR10_3t | 50.74 | 21.55 | 42.71 | 69.73589 |
KR15_3t | 43.45 | 22.35 | 41.55 | 64.13913 |
Foam | Stage 1 | Stage 2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Start of the Change of Mass | Start of the Change of Mass | ||||||||
T1 (°C) ±0.1 | Weight Loss (%) ±0.1 | T2 (°C) ±0.4 | Weight Loss (%) ±0.1 | Tmax (°C) ±0.1 | T5 (°C) ±0.4 | T20 (°C) ±0.4 | T50 (°C) ±0.4 | Residue at 900 °C (%) ± 0.1 | |
W_0t | 45.0 | 1.0 | 227.0 | 30.0 | 317.0 | 207.0 | 292.0 | 340.0 | 2.0 |
W_1t | 50.0 | 0.0 | 25.02 | 15.0 | 318.7 | 210.9 | 285.0 | 331.5 | 10.0 |
W_2t | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
W_3t | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
KR5_0t | 33.0 | 5.0 | 233.0 | 73.0 | 319.0 | 198.0 | 319.0 | 353.0 | 5.5 |
KR5_1t | 38.8 | 34.0 | 228.2 | 89.0 | 309.9 | 188.8 | 287.4 | 371.1 | 2.7 |
KR5_2t | 46.0 | 36.0 | 247.5 | 72.0 | 318.0 | 185.0 | 276.0 | 465.7 | 1.7 |
KR5_3t | 57.0 | 9.9 | 250.5 | 76.0 | 308.0 | 186.8 | 278.6 | 470.9 | 18.0 |
KR15_0t | 27.0 | 5.0 | 230.0 | 26.0 | 317.0 | 96.0 | 233.0 | 344.0 | 5.5 |
KR15_1t | 53.5 | 8.0 | 231.3 | 42.0 | 314.5 | 193.4 | 276.1 | 346.6 | 8.8 |
KR15_2t | 46.2 | 7.6 | 243.7 | 52.3 | 314.8 | 188.6 | 272.8 | 399.6 | 13.5 |
KR15_3t | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
K5_0t | 42.0 | 33.0 | 224.7 | 58.1 | 312.3 | 197.1 | 282.4 | 365.5 | 0.8 |
K5_1t | 38.0 | 5.0 | 225.1 | 35.9 | 365.3 | 168.2 | 268.7 | 365.3 | 2.2 |
K5_2t | 50.4 | 12.1 | 270.0 | 63.0 | 316.0 | 182.6 | 271.6 | 387.9 | 19.4 |
K5_3t | 46.6 | 10.0 | 234.3 | 60.0 | 314.1 | 184.6 | 268.8 | 414.7 | 14.7 |
K15_0t | 51.0 | 2.5 | 215.6 | 31.6 | 311.9 | 187.7 | 274.9 | 327.1 | 13.0 |
K15_1t | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
K15_2t | 49.0 | 36.5 | 229.1 | 37.8 | 308.8 | 173.3 | 263.3 | 369.3 | 2.7 |
K15_3t | 53.9 | 8.3 | 231.4 | 38.4 | 308.5 | 75.3 | 68.2 | 367.5 | 15.4 |
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Liszkowska, J.; Gozdecka, G.; Sitarz, M. Methods to Increase or Decrease Resistance to Photodegradation and Biodegradation of Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate (PU/PIR) Foams. Materials 2023, 16, 5930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175930
Liszkowska J, Gozdecka G, Sitarz M. Methods to Increase or Decrease Resistance to Photodegradation and Biodegradation of Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate (PU/PIR) Foams. Materials. 2023; 16(17):5930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175930
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiszkowska, Joanna, Grażyna Gozdecka, and Magdalena Sitarz. 2023. "Methods to Increase or Decrease Resistance to Photodegradation and Biodegradation of Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate (PU/PIR) Foams" Materials 16, no. 17: 5930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175930