Modelling of Chloride Transport in the Standard Migration Test including Electrode Processes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The ion profiles in the material that can be used for the calculation of the ion diffusion coefficients in the non-steady state (from the ion-penetration depth), with and without the electrode processes.
- The electroneutrality in the sample tested with and without integrating the electrode processes in order to highlight the need for the consideration of the electrode processes in the chloride migration model proposed.
2. Experimental Program
2.1. Materials
2.2. Tests and Procedure
3. Methodology
3.1. Modelling Principle
3.2. Case Study
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. The Water Porosity and Chemical Composition of the Pore Solution
4.2. Numerical Results
5. Conclusions
- The proposed model allows for the simulation of the standard migration test in the steady and non-steady states taking into consideration the real pore solution of the material tested and the dissolution/precipitation phenomena during the migration. The modelling was applied to OPC-based materials.
- The outputs of the proposed model are the ion profiles of the material tested during the migration test.
- The numerical results show the need to take into consideration the electrode processes in chloride migration modelling in order to better simulate the standard migration test. The proposed model can be applied to any material whose porosity and pore solution composition are known.
- The proposed model could be improved by taking into consideration more solid phases of the material such as C-S-H, oxychloride, etc. for thermodynamic equilibrium coupling. Furthermore, it would be interesting to couple the proposed multi-ion diffusion model with moisture and heat transfer for application to the prediction of the durability of reinforced concrete structures exposed to chlorides in tidal zones.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | SO3 | K2O | Na2O | Chlorides | Density | Blaine Finesses (m²/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CEM I (wt; %) | 64.20 | 20.50 | 5.00 | 3.90 | 2.5 | 0.29 | 0.05 | 1.4 | 3.80 | 405 |
Boundary Conditions | ||
---|---|---|
Upstream (x = 0, t) [mol∙m−3] | Downstream (x = L, t) [mol∙m−3] | |
CCl− | 500 | 0 |
CNa+ | 525 | 25 |
CK+ | 83 | 83 |
COH− | 108 | 108 |
CCa2+ | 0 | 0 |
CSO42− | 0 | 0 |
Concrete (t = 0, 0 < x < L) | |
---|---|
φ [%] | 12 |
CCl− [mol∙m−3] | 4 |
CNa+ [mol∙m−3] | 51 |
CK+ [mol∙m−3] | 117 |
COH− [mol∙m−3] | 164 |
CCa2+ [mol∙m−3] | 2 |
CSO42− [mol∙m−3] | 2 |
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Kribes, Z.-E.; Cherif, R.; Aït-Mokhtar, A. Modelling of Chloride Transport in the Standard Migration Test including Electrode Processes. Materials 2023, 16, 6200. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186200
Kribes Z-E, Cherif R, Aït-Mokhtar A. Modelling of Chloride Transport in the Standard Migration Test including Electrode Processes. Materials. 2023; 16(18):6200. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186200
Chicago/Turabian StyleKribes, Zine-Eddine, Rachid Cherif, and Abdelkarim Aït-Mokhtar. 2023. "Modelling of Chloride Transport in the Standard Migration Test including Electrode Processes" Materials 16, no. 18: 6200. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186200