Stiffness of Experimentally Tested Horizontally Loaded Walls and Timber-Framed Modular Building
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Construction of Tested Walls and Building
- -
- type 1: 1.53 × 50 mm staples, with 70 mm spacing;
- -
- type 2: 1.53 × 50 mm staples, with 120 mm spacing;
- -
- type 3: 3.5 × 35 mm screws, with 70 mm spacing.
3. Experimental Research Procedures
4. Experimental Test Rig and Measuring Equipment
4.1. Wall Panels Tests
4.2. Building Tests
- type SPR18-25 (MEGATRON Elektronik GmbH & Co. KG, Putzbrunn/Munich, Germany) with a measurement range of 25 mm and linearity tolerance of ±0.2% (4 pieces);
- type SPR18-50 (MEGATRON Elektronik GmbH & Co. KG, Putzbrunn/Munich, Germany) with a measurement range of 50 mm and linearity tolerance of ±0.1% (4 pieces).
5. Test Results
5.1. Test Results for Wall Panels
5.2. Building Test Results
6. Discussion
= 986 + 2 · 1577 + 2 · 2913 + 3198 + 1866 + 4264 = 19,294 [N/mm].
7. Conclusions
- the stiffness of the walls is significantly dependent on their configuration and the surfaces of the openings, and ranges from 1715 N/mm to 6186 N/mm;
- the walls of the left side of the building with a significantly larger area of openings have a total stiffness 34.0% lower than the total stiffness of the walls of the right side (the reason for the torsion of the building visible in Figure 16);
- the total stiffness of the building walls in the direction of the applied loads (RW = 19,294 N/mm) is 17,200 N/mm less than the spatial stiffness of the building (RB = 36,530 N/mm)—showing how important the influence of the connections between the modules is on the overall stiffness of the building;
- the configuration and location of the walls in the modules influences the nature of the work and deformation of the building and, consequently, the distribution of horizontal loads to the individual walls.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. of Wall Panel | Fmax [kN] | F2 [kN] | F4 [kN] | ν2 [mm] | ν4 [mm] | R [N/mm] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SZA3 7 | 100 | 20 | 40 | 6.85 | 11.54 | 4264 |
SZA6 10 | 40 | 8 | 16 | 4.15 | 6.26 | 3791 |
SZB6 14 | 55 | 11 | 22 | 7.60 | 12.35 | 2316 |
SZD4 16 | 120 | 24 | 48 | 10.52 | 18.76 | 2913 |
SZD5 17 | 145 | 29 | 58 | 8.99 | 16.67 | 3776 |
Force in Tie Rod F1 [kN] | Horizontal Force F1,H [kN] | Horizontal Displacement [mm] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No. 3 | No. 5 | No. 7 | ||
0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
26.7 | 25.8 | 0.85 | 0.78 | 1.12 |
53.7 | 51.9 | 2.12 | 1.99 | 3.02 |
79.6 | 76.9 | 3.59 | 3.32 | 5.16 |
102.4 | 99.0 | 4.91 | 4.54 | 7.09 |
131.3 | 126.9 | 6.73 | 6.18 | 9.72 |
153.5 | 148.4 | 8.11 | 7.47 | 11.60 |
176.1 | 170.2 | 9.42 | 8.63 | 13.37 |
204.6 | 197.8 | 12.05 | 11.01 | 16.98 |
225.1 | 217.6 | 15.41 | 13.99 | 21.56 |
246.7 | 238.5 | 20.36 | 19.62 | 29.30 |
Force in Tie Rod | Horizontal Force | Horizontal Displacement [mm] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
F2 [kN] | F2,H [kN] | No. 4 | No. 6 | No. 8 |
0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
26.3 | 25.4 | 0.49 | 0.53 | 0.51 |
53.5 | 51.7 | 1.23 | 1.46 | 1.46 |
79.5 | 76.8 | 2.07 | 2.30 | 2.46 |
103 | 99.6 | 2.98 | 3.65 | 3.77 |
131.6 | 127.2 | 3.99 | 4.60 | 4.84 |
153.8 | 148.7 | 4.86 | 5.70 | 6.10 |
175.5 | 169.6 | 5.54 | 6.68 | 7.15 |
203.8 | 197.0 | 6.95 | 8.36 | 9.28 |
225.1 | 217.6 | 8.81 | 10.54 | 12.28 |
246.9 | 238.7 | 12.05 | 14.51 | 18.46 |
Part of the Building | Fmax [kN] | F2 [kN] | F4 [kN] | v2 [mm] | v4 [mm] | R [N/mm] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Left side walls | 238.5 | 51.9 | 99.0 | 2.37 | 5.50 | 15,048 |
Right side walls | 238.7 | 51.7 | 99.6 | 1.40 | 3.50 | 22,810 |
All walls/entire building | 477.2 | 103.6 | 198.6 | 1.88 | 4.50 | 36,530 |
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Miedziałowski, C.; Czech, K.R.; Nazarczuk, M.; Kosior-Kazberuk, M.; Żakowicz, A. Stiffness of Experimentally Tested Horizontally Loaded Walls and Timber-Framed Modular Building. Materials 2023, 16, 6229. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186229
Miedziałowski C, Czech KR, Nazarczuk M, Kosior-Kazberuk M, Żakowicz A. Stiffness of Experimentally Tested Horizontally Loaded Walls and Timber-Framed Modular Building. Materials. 2023; 16(18):6229. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186229
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiedziałowski, Czesław, Krzysztof Robert Czech, Marta Nazarczuk, Marta Kosior-Kazberuk, and Anna Żakowicz. 2023. "Stiffness of Experimentally Tested Horizontally Loaded Walls and Timber-Framed Modular Building" Materials 16, no. 18: 6229. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186229