Crystallization Kinetics and Structure Evolution during Annealing of Ni-Co-Mn-In Powders Obtained by Mechanical Alloying
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Structure of As-Milled Powders
3.2. DSC Measurements
3.2.1. DSC Non-Isothermal Measurements
3.2.2. Relaxation Process
3.2.3. Activation Energy of P1 and P2 Thermal Processes
3.2.4. DSC Isothermal Measurements
3.3. Effect of Powders’ Annealing on the Phase Transformations
3.4. XRD Phase Analysis of Annealed Powders
4. Summary and Conclusions
- (1)
- Further ordering of L21 phase and its growth (the fully ordered L21 Heusler structure was observed for powder annealed at 600 °C);
- (2)
- Dissolution of the residual Ni and Mn;
- (3)
- MnNi (P4/mmm) phase formation;
- (4)
- γ (fcc) phases precipitation.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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β [°C/min] | 70MA TP1 [°C] | 70MA TP2 [°C] | 100MA TP1 [°C] | 100MA TP2 [°C] |
---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 363.2 | 439.3 | 358.0 | 441.3 |
20 | 374.2 | 451.2 | 368.9 | 453.2 |
30 | 380.7 | 459.2 | 375.9 | 461.2 |
40 | 387.6 | 468.3 | 381.7 | 466.3 |
50 | 389.9 | 471.5 | 386.6 | 471.0 |
Sample | Ea [kJ/mol] P1 | Ea [kJ/mol] P2 |
---|---|---|
70MA | 195 (8) | 202 (12) |
100MA | 185 (6) | 228 (3) |
Alloy Composition, State (Form) | Manufacturing Method | Activation Energy Ea | Process | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ni45.5Co4.5Mn36.6In13.4 powder | Mechanical alloying (100MA) | 185(6) kJ/mol 228(3) kJ/mol | 300 °C to 340 °C amorphous phase → bcc 340 °C: bcc → B2 360 °C: (P1) B2 → L21 (P1) 440 °C: (P2) Mn (α-Mn) → MnNi (P4/mmm) | This work |
Ni50Mn34In16 powder | high-energy ball milling | 164.0 kJ/mol (1) 173.7 kJ/mol (2) | two-step (1) (2) transformation amorphous-like phase → B2-ordered structure | [22] |
Ni49.8Mn28.5Ga21.7 powders | high-energy ball milling | 209(8) kJ/mol | fcc → bcc | [21] |
Ni50Mn36.7In13.3 powder | high-energy ball milling | No data | 523 K (250 °C) amorphous like phase → B2 annealing at 684 K (411 °C) 30 min B2 → L21 with tetragonal distortion | [23] |
Ni49.8Mn28.5Ga21.7 powders | high-energy ball milling | No data | (305 °C) fct → bcc (fct—face-centered tetragonal) (360 °C) L21 nucleation and growth with increased annealing temperature (sample annealed at 800 °C—full Heusler structure) | [8] |
NiMn films 1 | DC magnetron sputtering | 139 kJ/mol | disordered fcc → L10 (L10—tetragonal) | [19] |
NiMn films 1 | DC magnetron sputtering | 121 kJ/mol 140 kJ/mol | (1) Amorphous → fcc (2) fcc → L10 | [18] |
NiMn films 1 | DC magnetron sputtering | No data | (1) 160 °C MnO formation (2) 320 °C—amorphous like phase → fcc (3) 360 °C fcc → L10 (4) 440 °C grain growth | [20] |
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Matyja, E.; Prusik, K.; Zubko, M.; Świec, P.; Dercz, G.; Loskot, J. Crystallization Kinetics and Structure Evolution during Annealing of Ni-Co-Mn-In Powders Obtained by Mechanical Alloying. Materials 2023, 16, 645. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020645
Matyja E, Prusik K, Zubko M, Świec P, Dercz G, Loskot J. Crystallization Kinetics and Structure Evolution during Annealing of Ni-Co-Mn-In Powders Obtained by Mechanical Alloying. Materials. 2023; 16(2):645. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020645
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatyja, Edyta, Krystian Prusik, Maciej Zubko, Paweł Świec, Grzegorz Dercz, and Jan Loskot. 2023. "Crystallization Kinetics and Structure Evolution during Annealing of Ni-Co-Mn-In Powders Obtained by Mechanical Alloying" Materials 16, no. 2: 645. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020645