In-Plane Impact Response of Graded Foam Concrete-Filled Auxetic Honeycombs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Study
2.1. Specimen Preparation
2.2. Quasi-Static and Dynamic Compression Tests
3. Numerical Model with Validation
3.1. Numerical Model of the Homogenous Composite
3.2. Numerical Model Validation
3.2.1. Hollow Honeycomb
3.2.2. Homogenous Composite
3.3. Numerical Model of Graded Composite
4. Parametric Study and Discussions
4.1. Influence of Cell-Wall Thickness Gradient
4.2. Influence of Foam Concrete Density Gradient
4.3. Influence of Loading Rate
4.4. Effective Poisson’s Ratio
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The composite with cell-wall thickness gradient exhibited layered response mode under low or medium loading rates (1 m/s, and 10 m/s, respectively). Increasing the cell-wall thickness gradient led to a more obvious layer-by-layer compression response, lower initial peak stress, and a more fluctuated stress plateau. Compared with the homogenous cell-wall thickness counterpart, the improvement of the energy absorption of the composite with cell-wall thickness gradient was minor, less than 5%.
- (2)
- The foam concrete density gradient and direction had a significant effect on the performance of the composite, reflected by the observed three-stage stress plateau corresponding to the layered compression. In the first, second, and third deformation stages, the top layer, middle layer and bottom layer foam concrete of the composite with positive gradient absorbed 94.62%, 88.72%, and 86.94% of the total foam concrete energy absorption, respectively. The layered architecture filled with foam concrete of different densities was able to realize a controllable sequential compression response, convenient to realize multi-level protection.
- (3)
- The layered gradient composite exhibited different response modes under different loading rates. Subjected to a low or medium loading rate (less than 10 m/s), the composite underwent an obvious layered response and negative Poisson’s effect, while it exhibited progressive collapse mode from the loading end subjected to a high loading rate (greater than 10 m/s).
- (4)
- The composite with positive foam concrete density gradient (408:575:848) produced higher initial peak stress compared with that with negative gradient (848:575:408) by 21%, implying that the former was inferior to the latter in the aspect of initial transferred load to the protected structure.
- (5)
- The effective Poisson’s ratio of the proposed composite first increased and then decreased, and finally remained stable with increasing compression stroke. Specifically, the effective Poisson’s ratio of the first layer in the composite with positive gradient (408:575:848) increased to −2 then converged to −0.6 under 2 m/s and 10 m/s crushing, and ranged from −0.4 to −0.1 under 50 m/s and 100 m/s crushing, respectively. The effective Poisson’s ratio of the middle and bottom layers increased to −2 initially and converged to range of −0.4 to −0.1, regardless of the crushing speed.
6. Further Research
- (a)
- The theoretical model for auxetic honeycombs without and with filler may be established, to provide a quick preliminary prediction.
- (b)
- Other configurations of hollow structures with auxeticity under compression may be investigated, especially with foam concrete filler.
- (c)
- The theoretical model incorporating the blast load, the graded protective layer, and the protected structural member such as a beam or slab, may be established.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Density/(kg/m3) | E/GPa | Poisson’s Ratio | Tangent Modulus/MPa |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aluminum | 2700 | 68 | 0.36 | 31.25 |
Material | Density/(kg/m3) | E/MPa | Poisson’s Ratio | TSC/MPa | DAMP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foam concrete-1 | 408 | 25 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.1 |
Foam concrete-2 | 575 | 52 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Foam concrete-3 | 848 | 80 | 0.01 | 0.22 | 0.1 |
Specimen Index | Specimen Type | Cell-Wall Thickness Gradient | Average Cell-Wall Thickness/mm | Average Density/(kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
AH-0 | Homogeneous | 0.25:0.25:0.25 | 0.25 | 580 |
PGAH-1 | Positive gradient | 0:20:0:25:0.30 | 0.25 | 580 |
PGAH-2 | Positive gradient | 0:15:0:25:0.35 | 0.25 | 580 |
PGAH-3 | Positive gradient | 0:10:0:25:0.40 | 0.25 | 580 |
NGAH-1 | Negative gradient | 0.30:0.25:0.20 | 0.25 | 580 |
NGAH-2 | Negative gradient | 0.35:0.25:0.15 | 0.25 | 580 |
NGAH-3 | Negative gradient | 0.40:0.25:0.10 | 0.25 | 580 |
Compression Stage | Nominal Strain | Displacement/mm | Energy/J | Proportion of Energy/% | Plateau Stress/MPa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stage 1 | 0–0.216 | 0–29.16 | 243.41 | 16.51 | 1.16 |
Stage 2 | 0.216–0.45 | 29.16–60.74 | 520.94 | 35.33 | 1.42 |
Stage 3 | 0.45–0.662 | 60.74–89.37 | 710.04 | 48.16 | 2.58 |
Total | 0–0.662 | 0–89.37 | 1474.39 | 100 | - |
Layer | Nominal Strain | Stage 1 Energy/J | Stage 1 Proportion/% | Stage 2 Energy/J | Stage 2 Proportion/% | Stage 3 Energy/J | Stage 3 Proportion/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Top layer | 0–0.216 | 187.72 | 94.62 | 36.18 | 8.51 | 23.44 | 3.75 |
Middle layer | 0.216–0.45 | 9.32 | 4.70 | 377.41 | 88.72 | 58.16 | 9.31 |
Bottom layer | 0.45–0.662 | 1.35 | 0.68 | 11.78 | 2.77 | 542.99 | 86.94 |
Total | 0–0.662 | 198.39 | 100 | 425.37 | 100 | 624.59 | 100 |
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Wang, X.; Jia, K.; Liu, Y.; Zhou, H. In-Plane Impact Response of Graded Foam Concrete-Filled Auxetic Honeycombs. Materials 2023, 16, 745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020745
Wang X, Jia K, Liu Y, Zhou H. In-Plane Impact Response of Graded Foam Concrete-Filled Auxetic Honeycombs. Materials. 2023; 16(2):745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020745
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xiaojuan, Kuncheng Jia, Yan Liu, and Hongyuan Zhou. 2023. "In-Plane Impact Response of Graded Foam Concrete-Filled Auxetic Honeycombs" Materials 16, no. 2: 745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020745