Thermo-Mechanical Treatment for Reducing the Wear Rate of CuCrZr Tool Electrodes during Electro-Discharge Machining
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Hydrostatic Extrusion
- ΔT—adiabatic temperature;
- ρ—material density;
- cp—specific heat;
- pHE—extrusion pressure;
- β—dimensionless parameter denoting the internal plastic work converted into heat during deformation.
3.2. Microstructure Evaluation
3.3. Mechanical Properties
3.4. Electrical Conductivity
3.5. Usability Tests
- Edw—electrical discharge wear;
- EdwIS—electrical discharge wear in the initial state;
- EdwHE—electrical discharge wear after hydrostatic extrusion.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cr | Zr | Fe | Si | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.5–1.2 | 0.03–0.3 | Max 0.08 | Max 0.1 | balance |
Material | Ultimate Tensile Strength, UTS (MPa) | Yield Strength, YS (MPa) | Elongation, A (%) | Hardness, HV0.2 | Electrical Conductivity, IACS (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CuCrZr in initial state | 413 | 366 | 19 | 153 | 84.7 |
CuCrZr 1000 °C/1 h | 220 | 90 | 45 | 101 | 32.3 |
Type of Machining | Working Amperage Ir (A) | Pulse Time t (ms) | Depth of Machining H (mm) |
---|---|---|---|
Rough | 12 | 9 | 20 |
Finish | 3 | 4 | 20 |
Specimen | Initial Diameter, d0 (mm) | Product Diameter, df (mm) | True Strain, ɛ = lnR (a) | Cumulative True Strain, ɛcum | Adiabatic Temperature, T (°C) | T/Tm (b) | Hydrostatic Extrusion Pressure, pHE (MPa) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1xHE | 1CCZT | 69.44 | 39.85 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 127 | 0.29 | 480 |
2CCZT | 69.44 | 29.76 | 1.69 | 1.69 | 188 | 0.35 | 709 | |
3CCZT | 69.44 | 19.76 | 2.51 | 2.51 | 285 | 0.41 | 1075 | |
5xHE | 1CCZT | 69.44 | 39.85 | 1.11 | 1.11 | 119 | 0.29 | 480 |
1CCZT-2 | 39.85 | 29.86 | 0.58 | 1.69 | 107 | 0.28 | 404 | |
1CCZT-3 | 29.86 | 19.89 | 0.81 | 2.50 | 144 | 0.30 | 542 | |
1CCZT-4 | 19.89 | 15.00 | 0.56 | 3.07 | 127 | 0.29 | 479 | |
1CCZT-5 | 15.00 | 9.98 | 0.81 | 3.88 | 169 | 0.32 | 638 |
Processing | Sample Size (mm) | True Strain, ɛ | Grain Size, d2 (nm) | UTS (MPa) | YS (MPa) | IACS (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ST + LNT-DPD (1) + aging 400 °C | 23 × 11 (3) | 2 | - | 832 | - | 71.2 | [15] |
Annealing + LNT-DPD | 30 × 2.3 (3) | 2 | - | 700 | - | 78.5 | [13] |
ST + HE × 5 + aging 420 °C | 10 | 3.89 | 210 | 679 | 676 | 71.8 | This work |
ST + ECAP × 8 + aging 460 °C | 11.5 × 11.5 | 8 | 256 | 676 | - | 73 | [47] |
ST + HE × 5 + aging 450 °C | 10 | 3.89 | - | 668 | 657 | 77.5 | This work |
ST + HE × 5 + aging 480 °C | 10 | 3.89 | 320 | 646 | 629 | 78.0 | This work |
ST + HE + aging 480 °C | 16 | 2.28 | 200 | 630 | 585 | 79.0 | [34] |
ST + ECAP × 2 + HE + aging 480 °C | 16 | 3.6 | 180 | 625 | 610 | 78.0 | [34] |
ST + HE × 5 + aging 510 °C | 10 | 3.89 | 425 | 615 | 590 | 80.3 | This work |
Annealing + ST +cold rolled + aging 400 °C | 0.4 (2) | 98% | 152 | 592 | 559 | 86.8 | [48] |
ST + aging 450 °C +ECAP × 8 (200 °C) | 14 × 14 | 9.2 | 700 | 550 | 535 | 68.8 | [16] |
ST + cold drawing + aging 450 °C | 10 | - | - | 550 | 510 | 78.7 | [12] |
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Skiba, J.; Kulczyk, M.; Przybysz-Gloc, S.; Skorupska, M.; Smalc-Koziorowska, J.; Kobus, M.; Nowak, K. Thermo-Mechanical Treatment for Reducing the Wear Rate of CuCrZr Tool Electrodes during Electro-Discharge Machining. Materials 2023, 16, 6787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16206787
Skiba J, Kulczyk M, Przybysz-Gloc S, Skorupska M, Smalc-Koziorowska J, Kobus M, Nowak K. Thermo-Mechanical Treatment for Reducing the Wear Rate of CuCrZr Tool Electrodes during Electro-Discharge Machining. Materials. 2023; 16(20):6787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16206787
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkiba, Jacek, Mariusz Kulczyk, Sylwia Przybysz-Gloc, Monika Skorupska, Julita Smalc-Koziorowska, Mariusz Kobus, and Kamil Nowak. 2023. "Thermo-Mechanical Treatment for Reducing the Wear Rate of CuCrZr Tool Electrodes during Electro-Discharge Machining" Materials 16, no. 20: 6787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16206787