Effect of Different Cellulose Fillers on the Properties of Xanthan-Based Composites for Soil Conditioning Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
- (S1) A top soil layer sampled from a garden in the Department of Industrial Engineering of the University of Trento (46.06° N, 11.15° E, altitude 398 asl) and characterized by Fondazione Edmund Mach (San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy). The main properties of this soil are listed in Table 2.
- (S2) A top soil layer sampled in Alpine forests from the Ljubelj area (Slovenia, E(D96/TM) 443431, N (D96/TM) 144159, altitude 1100 asl) [69]. This is fine-grained soil and can be classified according to USCS (ASTM D2487-17 [70]) as organic silt of high plasticity (OH). The average value of natural gravimetric water content, determined according to ISO 17892-1 [71], is 42.9%. The main properties of this soil are listed in Table 2.
Type of Filler | Basic Raw Material | Cellulose Content (%) | Oxide Ash (850 °C, 4 h) (%) | Average Fiber Length (µm) | Aspect Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arbocel R | Pure cellulose | >99 | 0.5 | 200–300 | 9.9 |
Arbocel FT 400 | Technical cellulose | 75 | 2 | 1200 | 34.4 |
Arbocel ZZC 500 | Technical raw cellulose | 80 | 15 | 400 | 8.8 |
Cellugrün | Technical raw cellulose | 80 | 15 | 1400 | 31.1 |
Arbocel ZZ 8-2 CA1 | Technical raw cellulose | 50 | 50 | 1000 | 22.2 |
Arbocel Adsorb 2 | Cellulose dextrose derivate | - | - | 30–250 (particles) | - * |
STEICO flex 036 (milled) | Wood fibers | - | - | 9000–30,000 | 25 |
Determination | Soil (S1) | Soil (S2) |
---|---|---|
Sand (2.0–0.05 mm) | 412 g/kg | 202 g/kg |
Silt (0.05–0.002 mm) | 458 g/kg | 493 g/kg |
Clay (<0.002 mm) | 130 g/kg | 305 g/kg |
pH (in water ratio 1:2.5) | 8.1 | 7.5 |
Total limestone | 349 g/kg CaCO3 | 17 g/kg CaCO3 |
Active limestone | 15 g/kg CaCO3 | - |
Organic substance | 33 g/kg | 82 g/kg |
Assimilable phosphorus | 27 mg/kg P2O5 | <60 mg/kg P2O5 |
Potassium | 166 mg/kg K2O | <100 mg/kg K2O |
Magnesium | 317 mg/kg MgO | - |
2.2. Soil Conditioners Preparation
2.3. Experimental Techniques
2.3.1. Rheological Properties
2.3.2. Fourier-Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
2.3.3. Light Microscopy
2.3.4. Moisture Absorption and Water Retention Capability
2.3.5. Application on Soil
Evaluation of the Water Holding Capacity (WHC) of Soil S1
Evaluation of the Water Retention Capacity of the Soil S1
Evaluation of the Water Absorption (wA) of Soil S2
Determination of the Soil Water Retention Curve (SWRC) of Soil S2
Case Study Application
Evaluation of the grass germination in soil S1
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Rheological Properties
3.2. FT-IR Spectroscopy
3.3. Light Microscopy
3.4. Moisture Absorption and Water Retention Capability
3.5. Application on Soil
3.5.1. Evaluation of the Water Holding Capacity (WHC) of the Soil S1
3.5.2. Evaluation of the Water Retention Capacity of the Soil S1
3.5.3. Evaluation of the Water Absorption (wA) of Soil S2
3.5.4. Determination of the Soil Water Retention Curve (SWRC) of Soil S2
3.5.5. Case Study Application
Evaluation of the Grass Germination in Soil S1
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Type of Filler |
---|---|
SC_R | Arbocel R |
SC_FT | Arbocel FT 400 |
SC_ZZC | Arbocel ZZC 500 |
SC_CG | Cellugrün |
SC_ZZ8 | Arbocel ZZ 8-2 CA 1 |
SC_ADS | Arbocel Adsorb 2 |
SC_ST | STEICO flex 036 |
XG | - |
Sample | Yield Stress [Pa] |
---|---|
SC_R | 38.5 ± 1.6 |
SC_FT | 56.9 ± 2.3 |
SC_ZZC | 51.3 ± 2.5 |
SC_CG | 44.2 ± 2.7 |
SC_ZZ8 | 37.7 ± 1.2 |
SC_ADS | 35.5 ± 3.1 |
SC_ST | 53.8 ± 1.8 |
XG | 42.6 ± 2.2 |
Specimen | Dosage of SC | wA 24h (%) | wA max (%) * |
---|---|---|---|
Soil (S2) (untreated) | 87–89 | 87–89 | |
Soil (S2) + SC_R | Low | 91–99 | Not measured |
Soil (S2) + SC_R | High | 154–162 | 166–176 |
Soil (S2) + SC_CG | High | 140–150 | 174–201 |
Soil (S2) + SC_ZZC | High | 131–139 | 140–175 |
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Sorze, A.; Valentini, F.; Smolar, J.; Logar, J.; Pegoretti, A.; Dorigato, A. Effect of Different Cellulose Fillers on the Properties of Xanthan-Based Composites for Soil Conditioning Applications. Materials 2023, 16, 7285. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237285
Sorze A, Valentini F, Smolar J, Logar J, Pegoretti A, Dorigato A. Effect of Different Cellulose Fillers on the Properties of Xanthan-Based Composites for Soil Conditioning Applications. Materials. 2023; 16(23):7285. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237285
Chicago/Turabian StyleSorze, Alessandro, Francesco Valentini, Jasna Smolar, Janko Logar, Alessandro Pegoretti, and Andrea Dorigato. 2023. "Effect of Different Cellulose Fillers on the Properties of Xanthan-Based Composites for Soil Conditioning Applications" Materials 16, no. 23: 7285. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237285