Mechanical Properties of AISI 316L Lattice Structures via Laser Powder Bed Fusion as a Function of Unit Cell Features
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design of the Lattice Structures and Samples for Compression Test
2.2. Mechanical Computational Characterization via Finite Element Modeling (FEM)
2.3. Additive Manufacturing via the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) Process
2.4. Morphological Characterization
2.5. Mechanical Characterization via Compression Tests
3. Results
3.1. Computational Characterization via Finite Element Modeling
3.2. Morphological Characterization
3.3. Mechanical Characterization via Compression Tests
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The LPBF process tended to generate a strut diameter larger than intended, resulting in larger relative densities compared to the nominal values. Moreover, these deviations were dependent on the component direction according to the printing direction;
- It was found that the angle between the strut and the plane normal to the loading directions had a direct impact on the structural stiffness by shifting the deformation from bending to stretching dominated;
- The LPBF parts with different types of lattice geometries and unit cell size reduced the SS316L bulk elastic modulus between 47% and 93% by imposing a porosity that resulted in an experimental density in the range of 23% to 69%;
- Off-axis displacement was also observed for all of the unit cell types at different levels, attributed to axial motion provoked by the external stress and the presence of twisting deformation manner. The H cell performed the greatest movement, while the T cell had almost none;
- The simulation results indicate that the tetrahedron unit cell had the smallest Emax/Emin ratio and off-axis displacement due to the fact of its stretch-dominating deformation. Additionally, the steady mechanical behavior was further seen in the experimental results, featuring desirable elastic modulus despite the resulting dimensional variation.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Fe | Cr | Ni | Mo | Mn | Si | N | O | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mass weight, (wt %) | Bal. | 16.00–18.00 | 10.00–14.00 | 2.00–3.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.10 | ≤0.10 | ≤0.045 |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Laser power, P | 170 W |
Exposure time, ET | 20 μs |
Hatch distance, HD | 60 μm |
Layer thickness, LT | 50 μm |
Number of exposures, N | 2 |
Point distance, PD | 80 μm |
Hatch offset, HO | 60 μm |
Strategy | Meander |
ID | Cell Topology | Unit Cell Size | Cell Orientation |
---|---|---|---|
C3,0 | Body-centered cube | 3 mm | 0° |
C3,45 | 45 | ||
C6,0 | 6 mm | 0° | |
C6,45 | 45 | ||
H3,0 | Hexagonal prism vertex centroid | 3 mm | 0° |
H3,45 | 45 | ||
H6,0 | 6 mm | 0° | |
H6,45 | 45 | ||
T3,0 | Tetrahedron | 3 mm | 0° |
T3,45 | 45 | ||
T6,0 | 6 mm | 0° | |
T6,45 | 45 |
ID | Nominal | Experimental | Absolute Error | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strut Thickness, t, (μm) | Engineering Density, 〈ρN〉, (%) | Strut Top Thickness, tT, (μm) | Strut Lateral Thickness, tL, (μm) | Engineering Density, 〈ρE〉, (%) | Strut Top Thickness, tT, (μm) | Strut Lateral Thickness, tL, (μm) | Engineering Density, 〈ρE〉, (%) | |
C3,0 | 800 | 45.83 | 877.89 | 900.38 | 61.31 | 77.89 | 100.38 | 15.48 |
C3,45 | 43.09 | 868.69 | 880.16 | 56.25 | 68.69 | 80.16 | 13.16 | |
C6,0 | 17.27 | 883.74 | 914.34 | 23.54 | 83.74 | 114.34 | 6.27 | |
C6,45 | 17.42 | 881.42 | 896.11 | 23.62 | 81.42 | 96.11 | 6.2 | |
H3,0 | 38.23 | 920.33 | 921.21 | 51.02 | 120.33 | 121.21 | 12.79 | |
H3,45 | 35.52 | 882.13 | 909.65 | 46.39 | 82.13 | 109.65 | 10.87 | |
H6,0 | 18.48 | 940.63 | 932.34 | 25.56 | 140.63 | 132.34 | 7.08 | |
H6,45 | 19.29 | 897.51 | 945.82 | 25.79 | 97.51 | 145.82 | 6.50 | |
T3,0 | 38.6 | 898.37 | 954.98 | 51.71 | 98.37 | 154.98 | 13.11 | |
T3,45 | 52.25 | 910.70 | 945.65 | 68.17 | 110.7 | 145.65 | 15.92 | |
T6,0 | 22.63 | 928.79 | 953.88 | 31.07 | 128.79 | 153.88 | 8.44 | |
T6,45 | 24.3 | 902.61 | 946.90 | 32.64 | 102.61 | 146.9 | 8.34 | |
Bulk | 100.00 | 97.03 | −2.97 |
ID | 〈E〉/ESS316L | 〈σy〉/ σySS316L | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CE | nE | R2 | Cy | ny | R2 | |
C 0° | 1.1227 | 1.8900 | 0.99 | 0.8097 | 2.4337 | 0.9702 |
C 45° | 0.8506 | 0.8836 | 0.88 | 0.8647 | 2.0074 | 0.9773 |
H 0° | 0.9372 | 1.6945 | 0.99 | 0.9469 | 3.135 | 0.9980 |
H 45° | 0.9115 | 1.4150 | 0.98 | 1.0132 | 2.431 | 0.9991 |
T 0° | 1.1586 | 1.5932 | 0.97 | 0.9416 | 2.3092 | 0.9925 |
T 45° | 1.0471 | 1.7828 | 0.99 | 0.8489 | 2.1151 | 0.9945 |
Unit Cell Rotation Angle | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ID | 0° | 15° | 30° | 45° | 60° | 75° | 90° |
C | 35.26 | 56.35 | 76.33 | 80.26 | 63.42 | 47.79 | 35.26 |
H | 26.57 | 46.61 | 63.43 | 67.99 | 62.42 | 63.37 | 63.44 |
T | 45.00 | 57.43 | 62.11 | 58.60 | 66.72 | 59.29 | 45.00 |
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Olivas-Alanis, L.H.; Fraga-Martínez, A.A.; García-López, E.; Lopez-Botello, O.; Vazquez-Lepe, E.; Cuan-Urquizo, E.; Rodriguez, C.A. Mechanical Properties of AISI 316L Lattice Structures via Laser Powder Bed Fusion as a Function of Unit Cell Features. Materials 2023, 16, 1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16031025
Olivas-Alanis LH, Fraga-Martínez AA, García-López E, Lopez-Botello O, Vazquez-Lepe E, Cuan-Urquizo E, Rodriguez CA. Mechanical Properties of AISI 316L Lattice Structures via Laser Powder Bed Fusion as a Function of Unit Cell Features. Materials. 2023; 16(3):1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16031025
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlivas-Alanis, Luis H., Antonio Abraham Fraga-Martínez, Erika García-López, Omar Lopez-Botello, Elisa Vazquez-Lepe, Enrique Cuan-Urquizo, and Ciro A. Rodriguez. 2023. "Mechanical Properties of AISI 316L Lattice Structures via Laser Powder Bed Fusion as a Function of Unit Cell Features" Materials 16, no. 3: 1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16031025
APA StyleOlivas-Alanis, L. H., Fraga-Martínez, A. A., García-López, E., Lopez-Botello, O., Vazquez-Lepe, E., Cuan-Urquizo, E., & Rodriguez, C. A. (2023). Mechanical Properties of AISI 316L Lattice Structures via Laser Powder Bed Fusion as a Function of Unit Cell Features. Materials, 16(3), 1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16031025