Effect of Corrosion on the Bond Behavior of Steel-Reinforced, Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments
2.1. Materials and Mix Proportions
2.2. Electrically Accelerated Corrosion Test of Steel Bars
2.2.1. Selection of Corrosion Current Density
2.2.2. Test Procedure for Electrically Accelerated Corrosion of Steel Bars
2.3. Pull-Out Test and Measurement of Actual Corrosion
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Corrosion Degree of Steel Bars
3.2. Failure Modes of the Bond Test
3.3. Effect of Corrosion Degree on Ultimate Bond Strength
3.4. Effect of Corrosion Degree on Initial Bond Strength
3.5. Effect of Corrosion Degree on Average Bond Strength
3.6. Comparison of Bond–Slip Curves between ASC and OPC
4. Conclusions
- (a)
- The steel bars were corroded earlier when embedded in OPC. When the corrosion degree of the OPC specimens was approximately 1%, corrosion cracking occurred. The ASC specimens showed corrosion cracking later when the corrosion degree was 2%; this is because of the superior chloride resistance and the compactness of the pore structure of ASC.
- (b)
- The ultimate and initial bond stresses increased with the corrosion degree, up to 0.5%, and then decreased afterward.
- (c)
- The bond strength between ASC and OPC and steel bar is similar for the non-corroded steel bars and at low corrosion levels. As the corrosion degree increased above 0.5%, the OPC specimens showed a sudden drop in bond, while the ASC specimens showed a gradual decrease.
- (d)
- At a 1% corrosion degree, the OPC specimen showed a lower bond strength than the control, while the ASC specimen showed a slightly higher value than the control. This shows the better tolerance of ASC for corrosion.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | MgO | SO3 | Fe2O3 | K2O | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GGBS | 38.95 | 33.35 | 17.96 | 6.02 | 1.39 | 0.382 | 0.318 | 1.63 |
Cement | 57.1 | 21.6 | 7.12 | 4.15 | 3.06 | 4.43 | 0.721 | 1.779 |
Water Glass | Na2O (%) | SiO2 (%) | Baume Degrees | Modulus | Transparency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
26.96 | 9.02 | 39.5–40.2 | 3.07 | ≥82 |
NaOH | Purity | Carbonate | Chloride | Sulfate | Al | Ca |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content (%) | ≥99.5 | ≤1.5 | ≤0.005 | ≤0.005 | ≤0.002 | ≤0.01 |
Material | Cement | Water | Coarse Aggregate | Sand | GGBS | Activator | Compressive Strength |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPC | 450 | 157.5 | 1125 | 675 | - | - | 61.0 ± 2.4 |
ASC | - | - | 1074 | 716 | 400 | 184 | 64.1 ± 1.3 |
ASC | Design Corrosion Degree (%) | Measured Corrosion Degree (%) | Average Corrosion Degree (%) | OPC | Design Corrosion Degree (%) | Measured Corrosion Degree (%) | Average Corrosion Degree (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||
3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 4 | 0.5 | 0.26 | 0.22 |
5 | 0.5 | 0.44 | 5 | 0.5 | 0.2 | ||
6 | 0.5 | 0.36 | 6 | 0.5 | 0.19 | ||
7 | 1 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 7 | 1 | 0.92 | 0.97 |
8 | 1 | 0.91 | 8 | 1 | 1.02 | ||
9 | 1 | 0.76 | 9 | 1 | 0.98 | ||
10 | 2 | 1.5 | 1.53 | 10 | 2 | 2.05 * | 2.24 |
11 | 2 | 1.7 | 11 | 2 | 2.32 * | ||
12 | 2 | 1.4 | 12 | 2 | 2.35 * | ||
13 | 3 | 2.2 * | 2.57 | 13 | 3 | 3.56 * | 3.43 |
14 | 3 | 2.85 * | 14 | 3 | 3.35 * | ||
15 | 3 | 2.67 * | 15 | 3 | 3.38 * |
ASC | Corrosion Degree (%) | Ultimate Bond Strength (Mpa) | OPC | Corrosion Degree (%) | Ultimate Bond Strength (Mpa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0 | 17.11 | 1 | 0 | 15.52 |
2 | 0 | 18.60 | 2 | 0 | 17.85 |
3 | 0 | 15.11 | 3 | 0 | 19.68 |
4 | 0.4 | 18.63 | 4 | 0.26 | 20.04 |
5 | 0.44 | 20.24 | 5 | 0.2 | 20.03 |
6 | 0.36 | 19.88 | 6 | 0.19 | 20.57 |
7 | 0.84 | 17.62 | 7 | 0.92 | 13.40 |
8 | 0.91 | 18.74 | 8 | 1.02 | 12.44 |
9 | 0.76 | 16.54 | 9 | 0.98 | 14.31 |
10 | 1.5 | 11.733 | 10 | 2.05 * | 7.79 |
11 | 1.7 | 14.56 | 11 | 2.32 * | 8.32 |
12 | 1.4 | 10.02 | 12 | 2.35 * | 5.18 |
13 | 2.2 * | 6.24 | 13 | 3.56 * | 5.26 |
14 | 2.85 * | 5.25 | 14 | 3.35 * | 6.71 |
15 | 2.67 * | 6.91 | 15 | 3.38 * | 6.01 |
Designed Corrosion Rate (%) | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ultimate Bond Strength (MPa) | ||||||
ASC | 17.34 | 19.62 | 17.54 | 12.1 | 6.36 | |
OPC | 17.68 | 20.34 | 13.38 | 7.09 | 5.99 | |
n | 1.01 | 1.03 | 0.76 | 0.58 | 0.94 |
ASC | Corrosion Degree (%) | Initial Bond Strength (MPa) | OPC | Corrosion Degree (%) | Initial Bond Strength (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0 | 12.73 | 1 | 0 | 9.71 |
2 | 0 | 16.62 | 2 | 0 | 8.49 |
3 | 0 | 9.21 | 3 | 0 | 11.67 |
4 | 0.4 | 14.33 | 4 | 0.26 | 16.28 |
5 | 0.44 | 18.13 | 5 | 0.2 | 18.55 |
6 | 0.36 | 19.17 | 6 | 0.19 | 13.59 |
7 | 0.84 | 16.57 | 7 | 0.92 | 13.01 |
8 | 0.91 | 13.15 | 8 | 1.02 | 12.12 |
9 | 0.76 | 13.55 | 9 | 0.98 | 13.75 |
10 | 1.5 | 9.77 | 10 | 2.05 * | 6.22 |
11 | 1.7 | 14.69 | 11 | 2.32 * | 7.76 |
12 | 1.4 | 9.66 | 12 | 2.35 * | 5.11 |
13 | 2.2 * | 3.97 | 13 | 3.56 * | 5.26 |
14 | 2.85 * | 4.5 | 14 | 3.35 * | 5.74 |
15 | 2.67 * | 6.62 | 15 | 3.38 * | 5.84 |
Design Corrosion Rate (%) | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ultimate Bond Strength (MPa) | ||||||
ASC | 12.85 | 17.21 | 14.42 | 11.17 | 5.03 | |
OPC | 9.95 | 16.14 | 12.96 | 6.36 | 5.62 | |
m | 0.77 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.56 | 1.11 |
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Cui, Y.; Qu, S.; Gao, K.; Tekle, B.H.; Bao, J.; Zhang, P. Effect of Corrosion on the Bond Behavior of Steel-Reinforced, Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete. Materials 2023, 16, 2262. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062262
Cui Y, Qu S, Gao K, Tekle BH, Bao J, Zhang P. Effect of Corrosion on the Bond Behavior of Steel-Reinforced, Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete. Materials. 2023; 16(6):2262. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062262
Chicago/Turabian StyleCui, Yifei, Shihao Qu, Kaikai Gao, Biruk Hailu Tekle, Jiuwen Bao, and Peng Zhang. 2023. "Effect of Corrosion on the Bond Behavior of Steel-Reinforced, Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete" Materials 16, no. 6: 2262. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062262