Additive Manufacturing Technologies of High Entropy Alloys (HEA): Review and Prospects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Additive Manufacturing (AM) Technologies of High Entropy Alloys (HEAs)
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Powder Bed Fusion (PBF)
2.2.1. Laser-Based PBF (L-PBF)
2.2.2. Electron Beam-Based PBF (EB-PBF)
2.2.3. Mix Elemental Powder as Feedstock Material for PBF Technology
Alloy | AM System | Crystal Structure | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Al0.4CrFeCoNi | Plasma arc | FCC | [124] |
AlCrFeCoNi2.1 | Electric arc | FCC + BCC | [28] |
Al0.5CrNbMoTa0.5 | EB-PBF | BCC + FCC | [125] |
Al0.5CrNbMoTa0.5 | EB-PBF | BCC + FCC | [126] |
CrFeCoNi | LPBF | FCC | [120,127] |
CrMnFeCoNi | LPBF | FCC | [119] |
CrMnFeCoNi | Electric arc | FCC | [128] |
NbMoTaW | LPBF | BCC | [121] |
NiNbMoTa | LPBF | BCC | [129] |
Ti0.5Ni0.5NbMoTa | LPBF | BCC | [129] |
TiNbMoTa | LPBF | BCC | [129] |
TiVCrFeNi | Electric arc | FCC | [130] |
VNbMoTaW | LPBF | BCC | [122,123] |
2.3. Direct Energy Deposition (DED)
2.3.1. Blown Powder Deposition (BPD)
Alloy | AM System | Feedstock Material | Crystal Structure | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Al0.25FeCoNiCu | Laser | Elemental | FCC | [143] |
Al0.3CrFeCoNi | Laser | Pre-alloyed | FCC | [144,145,146,147,148] |
Al0.3CrFeCoNi | Laser | Elemental | FCC | [149] |
Al0.4CrFeCoNi | Laser | Elemental | FCC | [140] |
Al0.4CrFeCoNi | Plasma arc | Elemental | FCC | [150] |
Al0.4CrFeCoNi | Plasma arc | Elemental | FCC + BCC/B2 + σ | [151,152] |
Al0.6CrFeCoNi | Laser | Elemental | FCC + BCC/B2 | [149] |
Al0.6CrFeCoNi | Laser | Pre-alloyed | FCC + BCC/B2 | [148,149] |
Al0.7CrFeCoNi | Laser | Elemental | FCC + BCC/B2 | [140] |
Al0.85CrFeCoNi | Laser | Pre-alloyed | BCC/B2 | [148,149] |
Al0.85CrFeCoNi | Laser | Elemental | BCC/B2 | [149] |
AlCrFeCoNi | Laser | Pre-alloyed | BCC/B2 | [135,137,138,139] |
AlCrFeCoNi | Laser | Elemental | FCC + BCC/B2 | [140,141,142] |
Al0.3CrFeCoNi1.7 | Laser | Elemental | FCC | [142] |
Al0.7CrFeCoNi1.3 | Laser | Elemental | FCC + BCC/B2 | [142] |
Al1.7CrFeCoNi0.3 | Laser | Elemental | BCC/B2 | [142] |
Al0.6Cr0.3Fe0.3CoNi | Laser | Elemental | FCC + BCC/B2 | [136] |
Al0.6CrFeCoNi2.1 | Laser | Pre-alloyed +Al | FCC + BCC/B2 | [148,153] |
Al0.7CrFeCoNi2.1 | Laser | Pre-alloyed +Al | FCC + BCC/B2 | [153] |
Al0.85CrFeCoNi2.1 | Laser | Pre-alloyed +Al | BCC/B2 | [153] |
AlCrFeCoNi2.1 | Laser | Pre-alloyed +Al | FCC + BCC/B2 | [153] |
Al1.1CrFeCoNi2.1 | Laser | Pre-alloyed +Al | FCC + BCC/B2 | [153] |
Al1.2CrFeCoNi2.1 | Plasma arc | Elemental | FCC + BCC/B2 | [154] |
AlCrFeCoNi2.1 | Laser | Pre-alloyed | FCC + BCC/B2 | [155,156] |
AlCrFeCoNi2.1 | Plasma arc | Elemental | FCC + BCC/B2 + σ | [157] |
AlCrFeCoNi2.1 | Laser | Elemental | FCC + BCC/B2 | [158] |
AlV0.3CrFeMo | Laser | Elemental | BCC | [159] |
AlV7.5CrFeMo | Laser | Elemental | BCC | [159] |
AlV10CrFeMo | Laser | Elemental | BCC | [159] |
AlV18.5CrFeMo | Laser | Elemental | BCC | [159] |
Al2CrMnFeCoNi | Laser | Pre-alloyed + Al | FCC | [160] |
Al5CrMnFeCoNi | Laser | Pre-alloyed + Al | FCC + BCC | [160] |
Al8CrMnFeCoNi | Laser | Pre-alloyed + Al | FCC + BCC | [160] |
Al0.5FeCoNiCu | Laser | Elemental | FCC | [143] |
Al0.75FeCoNiCu | Laser | Elemental | FCC + BCC | [143] |
AlCrFeNiCu | Laser | Elemental | FCC + BCC | [161] |
AlTiCrFeCoNi | Laser | Pre-alloyed | FCC + BCC | [162] |
Al0.3Ti0.2Cr0.7FeCoNi1.7 | Laser | Pre-alloyed | FCC + L1 | [163] |
AlTiCrFeCoNi | Laser | Pre-alloyed | FCC + BCC + AlNi3 | [164,165] |
AlTiCrFeCoNi | Laser | Elemental | FCC + BCC + AlNi3 | [166] |
AlCrFeCoNiCu | Laser | Pre-alloyed | FCC + BCC | [164,165] |
Al0.17Ti0.08CrFeCoNi | Laser | Pre-alloyed | FCC | [167] |
AlCrFeCoNiCu | Laser | Elemental | FCC + BCC | [166] |
CrMnFeCoNi | Laser | Pre-alloyed | FCC | [134,160,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182] |
CrMnFeCoNi | Laser | Elemental | FCC | [183] |
CrFeCoNi | Laser | Pre-alloyed | FCC | [139] |
CrFeCoNi | Laser | Pre-alloyed | FCC + µ + σ | [184] |
CrFeCoNi | Laser | Elemental | FCC + Co7Fe3 | [185] |
CrFeCoNi | Plasma arc | Elemental | FCC | [151,152,186] |
CrFeCoNiMo | Laser | Pre-alloyed | FCC | [187] |
CrFeCoNiNb | Laser | Elemental | FCC + Laves + MC | [188] |
CrFeCoNiNb0.4 | Plasma arc | Elemental | FCC + Laves | [151,152] |
CrFeCoNiTa0.4 | Plasma arc | Elemental | FCC + Laves | [151,152] |
CrFeCoNiW0.2 | Plasma arc | Elemental | FCC + μ | [186] |
CrFeCoNiW0.5 | Plasma arc | Elemental | FCC + μ | [186] |
CrFeCoNiW0.24 | Plasma arc | Elemental | FCC + BCC + μ | [186] |
CrFeCoNiW | Plasma arc | Elemental | FCC + BCC + μ | [186] |
CrFeCoNi0.1Ta0.2 | Plasma arc | Elemental | FCC + Fe7(NbTa)3 | [189] |
CrFeCoNi0.3Ta0.2 | Plasma arc | Elemental | FCC + Fe7(NbTa)3 | [189] |
CrFeCoNi0.5Ta0.2 | Plasma arc | Elemental | FCC + Fe7(NbTa)3 | [189] |
CrFeCoNiTa0.4 | Plasma arc | Elemental | FCC + Co2Ta | [189] |
Ti0.6CrMnFeCoNi | Laser | Pre-alloyed | FCC + BCC | [182] |
TiCrMnFeCoNi | Laser | Pre-alloyed | FCC + BCC + σ | [182] |
TiCrFeCoNi | Laser | Elemental | FCC + σ + δ + Ni3Ti2 | [190] |
TiVCrFeNiZr | Laser | Elemental | C14-Laves + α-Ti | [22] |
TiVZrNbMo | Laser | Elemental | BCC+NbTi4 + α-Zr | [191] |
TiZrNbHfTa | Laser | Elemental | BCC | [192] |
TiZrNbTa | Laser | Elemental | BCC | [193] |
NbMoTaW | Laser | Elemental | BCC | [194,195,196] |
VNbMoTaW | Laser | Elemental | BCC | [197] |
2.3.2. Wire Deposition
2.4. Binder Jetting (BJ)
2.5. Material Extrusion (ME)
2.6. Composite Materials
2.7. Interstitial Doping
2.8. Effect of Printing Parameter
2.9. Overall Comparison between AM Processes
3. Mechanical Properties
4. Corrosion Performance of HEAs Produced by AM Processes
5. Concluding
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alloy | Crystal Structure | Ref. |
---|---|---|
AlCrFeCoNi | BCC/B2 | [50,51,52] |
Al0.3CrFeCoNi | FCC | [53] |
Al0.5CrFeCoNi | FCC | [54] |
AlCrFeCoNi2.1 | FCC | [55] |
AlCrFeCoNi2.1 | FCC + BCC/B2 | [56,57,58,59] |
AlCrFe2Ni2 | BCC/B2 | [48] |
Al0.55Cr0.5FeNi | BCC/B2 | [60] |
AlCrFeNiCu | BCC/B2 | [61] |
AlCrFeNi2Cu | FCC + BCC/B2 | [62] |
AlCrFeNi2.5Cu | FCC + BCC/B2 | [62] |
AlCrFeNi2.75Cu | FCC + BCC/B2 | [62] |
AlCrFeNi3Cu | FCC + BCC/B2 | [62] |
Al0.3CrFeCoNiCu | FCC | [63] |
AlFeCoNiCu | FCC + BCC/B2 | [64] |
CrFeCo1.1Ni1.6 | FCC + BCC | [65] |
CrFeCoNi | FCC | [47,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73] |
CrMnFeCoNi | FCC | [45,46,49,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87] |
TiMoTaW | BCC + HCP | [88] |
Ti2.3Zr2.3NbMoTa | BCC | [89] |
Al2CrFeCo3Ni3Mo0.1W0.1 | FCC + BCC/B2 | [90] |
AlCrFeCoNiCu | FCC + BCC/B2 | [91] |
Al0.2Ti0.3CrFeCo1.5Ni1.5 | FCC | [92] |
Al0.3Ti0.23FeCoNi | FCC | [93] |
Al0.25Ti0.25FeCoNi | FCC | [94] |
Al0.5V0.2Cr0.9FeNi2.5 | FCC | [95] |
Si0.25Cr0.75MnFe2Co | FCC + HCP | [96] |
Si0.25Cr0.75MnFe2CoCu2 | FCC + HCP | [97] |
Si0.25Cr0.75MnFe2Co | FCC + HCP | [98] |
Ti0.5CrFeCo1.5Ni1.5Mo0.1 | FCC + HCP | [99] |
CrFeCoNi | FCC | [100] |
CrFeCoNi | FCC | [101] |
CrFeNi2Cu | FCC | [102] |
TiCr2.5FeCoNi2W0.5 | BCC | [103] |
TiCr4Fe9Ni6W | FCC | [104] |
Alloy | Feedstock Material | Crystal Structure | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
AlCrFeCoNi | Pre-alloyed + Al | BCC/B2 | [72] |
Al0.01CrFeCoNi | Pre-alloyed + Al | FCC | [73] |
Al0.05CrFeCoNi | Pre-alloyed + Al | FCC | [73] |
Al0.1CrFeCoNi | Pre-alloyed + Al | FCC | [72,73] |
Al0.3CrFeCoNi | Pre-alloyed + Al | FCC + BCC/B2 | [105] |
Al0.5CrFeCoNi | Pre-alloyed + Al | FCC + BCC/B2 | [72] |
Al0.5CrFeNi2Cu | Pre-alloyed + Al | FCC + BCC/B2 | [102] |
Al0.75CrFeNi2Cu | Pre-alloyed + Al | FCC + BCC/B2 | [102] |
AlCrFeNi2Cu | Pre-alloyed + Al | FCC + BCC/B2 | [102] |
AlCrFeCoNi2.1 | Pre-alloyed + pre-alloyed | FCC + BCC/B2 | [106] |
AlCrFe2.3Ni2.3 | Pre-alloyed + Fe + Ni | FCC + BCC/B2 | [107] |
CrMnFeCoNi | Pre-alloyed + Mn | FCC | [108] |
CrMnFeCoNi | Pre-alloyed + pre-alloyed | FCC | [109] |
CrFeCoNiCu | Pre-alloyed + Cu | FCC | [101] |
Ti0.2CrFeCoNi | Pre-alloyed + Ti | FCC | [100] |
Ti0.4CrFeCoNi | Pre-alloyed + Ti | FCC | [100] |
Ti0.6CrFeCoNi | Pre-alloyed + Ti | FCC | [100] |
TiCrFeCoNi | Pre-alloyed + Ti | FCC + HCP + NiTi | [101] |
Alloy | Crystal Structure | Ref. |
---|---|---|
AlCrFeCoNi | FCC + BCC/B2 | [110,111,112,114] |
AlFeCoNiCu | FCC + BCC/B2 | [113] |
CrMnFeCoNi | FCC | [115,116,117] |
CrMnFeCoNiTi0.18 | FCC + σ + γ + D024 | [117] |
CrMnFeCoNiTi0.5 | BCC + σ + γ + D024 | [117] |
CrMnFeCoNiTi2 | BCC + σ + γ + D024 | [117] |
CrFeCoNiMo | FCC + SC + Ni3Ti | [118] |
Alloy | AM System | Feedstock Material | Crystal Structure | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Al0.1CrFeCoNi | Arc welding | Pre-alloyed Wire | FCC | [200] |
AlCrFeCoNi | Arc welding | 7 Wires | FCC + BCC/B2 | [201,204,205] |
Al0.7Cr0.4FeCo0.34Ni2 | Electron beam | 3 Wires | SC | [206,207] |
Al2.1Cr0.5FeCo0.3Ni2.1 | Arc welding | 3 Wires | BCC/B2 | [208] |
CrMnFeCoNi | Arc welding | 3 Wires | FCC | [202] |
CrMnFeCoNi | Electron beam | 3 Wires | FCC | [203] |
SiCrMnFeCoNi | Arc welding | 3 Wires | FCC | [209] |
TiNbMoTaW | Arc welding | 7 Wires | BCC | [210] |
Alloy | Sintering Temperature | Crystal Structure | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
AlCrFeCoNi | 900 | FCC + BCC/B2 + σ | [212] |
AlCrFeCoNi | 1000 , 1100 | FCC + BCC/B2 | [212] |
AlCrFeCoNi | 1200 , 1300 | BCC/B2 | [212] |
CrMnFeCoNi | 1150 , 1250 | FCC | [213] |
Alloy | Binder | Feedstock Material | Crystal Structure | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
CrFeCoNi | PLGA + DBP | Elemental | FCC | [215] |
CrMnFeCoNi | THF + 2-Butoxyethanol + PMMA-PnBA | Pre-alloyed | FCC | [216] |
Alloy | Type | AM | Raw Material | Crystal Structure | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CrMnFeCoNi | Reinforcing particles | L-PBF | Pre-alloyed + TiN | FCC + TiN | [221,222] |
CrMnFeCoNi | Reinforcing particles | L-PBF | Pre-alloyed + nano TiC | FCC | [218,223] |
CrMnFeCoNi | Reinforcing particles | L-DED | Pre-alloyed + TiC | FCC + TiC | [224,225] |
CrMnFeCoNi | Reinforcing particles | L-DED | Pre-alloyed + WC | FCC+M23C6 | [225,226] |
CrMnFeCoNi | Reinforcing particles | L-DED | Pre-alloyed + TiB2 | FCC + TiB2 | [227] |
CrMnFeCoNi | Reinforcing particles | L-DED | Pre-alloyed + W | FCC + BCC + Fe7W6 | [228] |
CrFeCoNi | Reinforcing particles | PA-DED | Elemental + SiC | FCC+Cr7C3 | [229] |
CrFeCoNi | Reinforcing particles | L-PBF | Pre-alloyed + W | FCC + W | [219] |
SiCrMnFeCo | Reinforcing particles | L-PBF | Pre-alloyed + B4C | FCC+HCP | [230] |
NbMoTaW | Reinforcing particles | L-PBF | Pre-alloyed + W + WC | BCC + NbC | [231] |
CrMnFeCoNi + 304 SS | Laminated structure | L-DED | Pre-alloyed + 304SS | FCC | [232] |
AlCrFeCoNi + CrFeCoNi | Laminated structure | L-DED | Pre-alloyed | FCC/BCC | [233] |
AlTi0.5CrFeCoNi + CrMnFeCoNi | Laminated structure | L-DED | Pre-alloyed | FCC/BCC | [220] |
Alloy | Interstitial Doping | Crystal Structure | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
CrFeCoNi | N | FCC | [236,237] |
CrFeCoNi | C | FCC | [238,239,240] |
CrMnFeCo | C | FCC + HCP | [241] |
CrMnFeCoNi | C | FCC | [242,243] |
CrMnFeCoNi | N | FCC | [244,245] |
Alloy | AM System | Feedstock Material | Powder Size [µm] | Printing Parameters | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al0.1CrFeCoNi | WAAM | Pre-alloyed Wire | X | Current: 200 A Voltage: 15.5 V Travel speed: 3.3, 10 mm/s Feed rate: 2000 mm/min Energy density: 82.23, 120 J/mm3 | [200] |
Al0.3CrFeCoNi | L-DED | Pre-alloyed | 74–150 Average: 110 | Power: 1000 w Travel speed: 1000 mm/s Layer thickness: 30 μm | [145] |
Al0.3CrFeCoNi | L-PBF | Pre-alloyed | 20–42 Average: 29 | Power: 150–170 w Scan speed: 1100–1300 mm/s Layer thickness: 25–30 μm Hatch spacing: 45 μm Energy density: 85–137 J/mm3 | [53] |
AlCrFeCoNi | L-PBF | Pre-alloyed | 3.8–53 Average: 28.6 | Power: 250–400 w Scan speed: 1000 mm/s Layer thickness: 40 μm Hatch spacing: 90 μm Energy density: 68.4–111 J/mm3 | [52] |
AlCrFeCoNi | EB-PBF | Pre-alloyed | 45–105 | Beam Current: 4.5–9 mA Preheating temperature: 950 Scan speed: 215 mm/s Layer thickness: 70 μm | [112] |
AlCrFeCoNi | L-DED | Pre-alloyed | 75–150 | Power: 950 w Travel speed: 4 mm/s Feed rate: 9.5 g/min Layer thickness: 30 μm | [135] |
AlCrFeCoNi | L-DED | Elemental | 50–150 | Power: 800 w Travel speed: 13 mm/s Layer thickness: 25 μm | [141] |
AlCrFeCoNi | WAAM | 7 Wires | X | Current: 156 A Voltage: 16.2 V Travel speed: 8–12 mm/s Feed rate: 5.5 m/min | [201] |
AlCrFeCoNi2.1 | L-PBF | Pre-alloyed + Ni | 10–75 Average: 32.7 | Power: 200–400 w Scan speed: 600–1000 mm/s Energy density: 88.9–190 J/mm3 | [56] |
CrFeCoNi | L-PBF | Elemental | 19-73 | Power: 100–250 w Scan speed: 700–1100 mm/s Layer thickness: 20 μm Hatch spacing: 80 μm Energy density: 57–223 J/mm3 | [120] |
CrFeCoNi | L-PBF | Pre-alloyed | 18–49 Average: 30.1 | Power: 94 w Scan speed: 582 mm/s Layer thickness: 30 μm Hatch spacing: 42 μm Energy density: 128.2 J/mm3 | [101] |
CrMnFeCoNi | L-PBF | Pre-alloyed | 5–45 Average: 36 | Power: 400 w Scan speed: 800–4000 mm/s Layer thickness: 40 μm Hatch spacing: 90 μm Energy density: 37–185 J/mm3 | [75] |
CrMnFeCoNi | L-PBF | Pre-alloyed | 20–80 Average: 43.4 | Power: 150 w scan speed: 600 mm/s layer thickness: 60 μm hatch spacing: 50 μm Energy density: 83 J/mm3 | [79] |
CrMnFeCoNi | EB-PBF | Pre-alloyed | 44.1–88.7 Average: 65 | Current: 2–14 mA Preheating temperature: 900–980 scan speed: 492–3446 mm/s layer thickness: 50–70 μm hatch spacing: 50–70 μm | [115] |
CrMnFeCoNi | L-DED | Pre-alloyed | Average: 120 | Power: 1000–1400 w Travel speed: 13 mm/s feed rate: 7–9 g/min | [172] |
CrMnFeCoNi | L-DED | Pre-alloyed | 10–90 | Power: 600–1000 w Travel speed: 13 mm/s feed rate: 7–9 g/min | [173] |
Production Characteristics and Microstructure Phenomenon | PBF | DED | BJ | ME |
---|---|---|---|---|
Feedstock material | Powders Pre-alloyed and elemental | Powders and wires Pre-alloyed and elemental | Powder Pre-alloyed | Powder paste Pre-alloyed |
Powder size | Few microns | No limitation | Few microns | No limitation |
Heat source | Laser beam Electron beam Arc melting | Laser beam Electron beam Arc melting | No heat source | No heat source |
Deposition rate | Low | High | High | High |
Post-processing requirements | Stress relief | No requirements | Sintering | Sintering |
Printing geometry | Complex | Simple | Complex | Simple |
Accuracy | High | Low | High | Low |
Multi-material Production ability | One material | Multi-material ability | One material | Multi-material ability |
Typical microstructure | Preferred orientation (columnar /dendrite structure) For EB-PBF increase in grain size in lower section of the part | Preferred orientation (columnar /dendrite structure) Increase in grain size in lower section of the part | Relatively large equiaxed grain structure | Relatively large equiaxed grain structure |
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Ron, T.; Shirizly, A.; Aghion, E. Additive Manufacturing Technologies of High Entropy Alloys (HEA): Review and Prospects. Materials 2023, 16, 2454. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062454
Ron T, Shirizly A, Aghion E. Additive Manufacturing Technologies of High Entropy Alloys (HEA): Review and Prospects. Materials. 2023; 16(6):2454. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062454
Chicago/Turabian StyleRon, Tomer, Amnon Shirizly, and Eli Aghion. 2023. "Additive Manufacturing Technologies of High Entropy Alloys (HEA): Review and Prospects" Materials 16, no. 6: 2454. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062454