Modification of Poly(vinyl chloride) with Bio-Based Cassia Oil to Improve Thermo-Mechanical and Antimicrobial Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Material Characterizations
2.3.1. Determination of Processability
2.3.2. Determination of Rheological Properties
2.3.3. Determination of Mechanical Properties
2.3.4. Determination of the Glass Transition Temperature
2.3.5. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Analysis
2.3.6. Determination of Thermal Properties by Thermogravimetric Analysis
2.3.7. Determination of Antioxidant Activity
2.3.8. Determination of the Antimicrobial Activity
3. Results
3.1. Determination of Processability and Rheological Characteristics
3.2. Mechanical Analysis
3.3. Thermomechanical Analysis DMA and Tg Determination
3.4. Thermogravimetric Analysis by TGA Method
3.5. FTIR Analysis
3.6. Antioxidant Activity
3.7. Antimicrobial Activity
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Kneading Time | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 min | 10 min | 20 min | ||||
M, Nm | T, °C | M, Nm | T, °C | M, Nm | T, °C | |
PVC 50ES | 12.2 | 137.0 | 11.0 | 153.0 | 10.1 | 155.0 |
PVC 50ES 1CO | 11.9 | 142.2 | 10.3 | 153.9 | 9.5 | 155.0 |
PVC 50ES 5CO | 11.6 | 142.7 | 9.2 | 153.4 | 8.6 | 154.1 |
PVC 50ES 10CO | 10.3 | 142.7 | 8.3 | 151.4 | 7.6 | 152.1 |
PVC 50ES 20CO | 8.3 | 140.9 | 6.2 | 149.4 | 5.4 | 150.1 |
Material | Tg, °C | Max E″, °C | Max tan δ, °C | E′, MPa | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−25 °C | 0 °C | 25 °C | ||||
PVC 50ES | −25.7 | −2.1 | 36.9 | 3433 | 1867 | 411 |
PVC 50ES 1CO | −29.1 | −8.9 | 31.8 | 3288 | 1431 | 264 |
PVC 50ES 5CO | −36.1 | −13.7 | 25.3 | 3039 | 1073 | 160 |
PVC 50ES 10CO | −44.0 | −19.2 | 17.9 | 2790 | 759 | 86 |
PVC 50ES 20CO | −51.9 | −33.0 | 6.6 | 1551 | 204 | 37 |
Material | T1, °C | T5, °C | T50, °C | TDTG1, °C | Mass Loss 30–180 °C, % | TDTG2, °C | TDTG3, °C | RM at 900 °C, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PVC 50ES | 262.3 | 264.4 | 315.8 | - | 0.1 | 263.5 | 292.7 | 11.1 |
PVC 50ES 1CO | 260.6 | 264.5 | 316.3 | - | 0.5 | 262.9 | 292.6 | 10.8 |
PVC 50ES 5CO | 177.5 | 262.1 | 313.5 | 167.8 | 2.8 | 262.6 | 292.7 | 10.8 |
PVC 50ES 10CO | 153.9 | 260.4 | 310.6 | 169.2 | 4.9 | 261.9 | 293.1 | 10.8 |
PVC 50ES 20CO | 132.5 | 190.1 | 303.5 | 169.9 | 9.9 | 261.3 | 293.0 | 10.2 |
Material | Migration, mg/g | |
---|---|---|
7 Days | 30 Days | |
PVC 50ES 1CO | 0.17 | 3.73 |
PVC 50ES 5CO | 4.62 | 8.33 |
PVC 50ES 10CO | 10.19 | 17.74 |
PVC 50ES 20CO | 12.23 | 38.57 |
Material | Antioxidant Activity during the Storage, % | ||
---|---|---|---|
0 Days | 10 Days | 30 Days | |
PVC 50ES | 23 bB | 28 aD | 31 aC |
PVC 50ES 1CO | 29 cB | 41 bC | 47 aB |
PVC 50ES 5CO | 29 bB | 42 aC | 49 aB |
PVC 50ES 10CO | 44 bA | 50 aB | 53 aB |
PVC 50ES 20CO | 40 cA | 59 bA | 74 aA |
Material | Bacterial Inhibition Zone Width, mm: | |
---|---|---|
Enterococcus Faecalis | Listeria monocytogenes | |
PVC 50ES | 0 | 0 |
PVC 50ES 1CO | 0 | 3.0 |
PVC 50ES 5CO | 1.0 | 8.0 |
PVC 50ES 10CO | 2.0 | 11.0 |
PVC 50ES 20CO | 1.0 | 9.0 |
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Skórczewska, K.; Szulc, J.; Lewandowski, K.; Ligocka, A.; Wilczewski, S. Modification of Poly(vinyl chloride) with Bio-Based Cassia Oil to Improve Thermo-Mechanical and Antimicrobial Properties. Materials 2023, 16, 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072698
Skórczewska K, Szulc J, Lewandowski K, Ligocka A, Wilczewski S. Modification of Poly(vinyl chloride) with Bio-Based Cassia Oil to Improve Thermo-Mechanical and Antimicrobial Properties. Materials. 2023; 16(7):2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072698
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkórczewska, Katarzyna, Joanna Szulc, Krzysztof Lewandowski, Anna Ligocka, and Sławomir Wilczewski. 2023. "Modification of Poly(vinyl chloride) with Bio-Based Cassia Oil to Improve Thermo-Mechanical and Antimicrobial Properties" Materials 16, no. 7: 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072698