Adsorbent Material Based on Carbon Black and Bismuth with Tunable Properties for Gold Recovery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials Synthesis and Characterization
- −
- scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a Quanta FEG 250 microscope (FEI, Hilsboro, OR, USA), in order to get information regarding material surface morphology;
- −
- X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy—in order to get material elemental composition;
- −
- material specific surface was determined by using Brunauer-Emmet–Teller (BET) method, with a Quantachrome Nova 1200 E system. All samples were degassed under vacuum, at room temperature for 24 h. Adsorption–desorption isotherms were recorded a 77 K under nitrogen atmosphere;
- −
- X-ray diffraction (XRD)—measurements were done using Ultima IV (RIGAKU, Tokyo, Japan) instrument operating with Cu K radiation;
- −
- thermal analysis was performed using a thermos-analyzer system Mettler TGA/SDTA 851/LF/1100. The sample with a mass of about 10 mg was placed in alumina crucibles of 150 μL. The experiments were performed under an air atmosphere with a heating rate of 10 °C/min;
- −
- Atomic force microscopy (AFM), was performed using scanning probe microscopy platform (MultiView-2000 system, Nanonics Imaging Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel).
2.2. Gold Recovery by Adsorption Processes
2.2.1. pH Effect
2.2.2. Contact Time and Temperature Effect
2.2.3. Initial Concentration Effect
2.3. Kinetic, Thermodynamic, and Equilibrium Parameters for Adsorption Process
2.3.1. Kinetic Study
2.3.2. Thermodynamic Studies
2.3.3. Activation Energy
2.3.4. Equilibrium Study: Isotherms Models
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Material Characterization
3.1.1. Thermogravimetric Analysis, TG
3.1.2. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
3.1.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.1.4. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, EDX
3.1.5. Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) Specific Surface Determination
3.1.6. Atomic Force Microscopy, AFM
3.2. Gold Recovery by Adsorption Processes
3.2.1. pH Effect
3.2.2. Contact Time and Temperature Effect
3.3. Kinetic, Thermodynamic, and Equilibrium Parameters for Adsorption Process
3.3.1. Kinetic Study
3.3.2. Thermodynamic Study
3.3.3. Activation Energy
3.3.4. Equilibrium Study: Adsorption Isotherms
3.3.5. Regeneration Degree of Adsorbent
3.3.6. Material Usage in Case of Real Solution
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Surface Area, m2/g | BJH Desorption, nm | Average Pore Diameter nm | Total Pore Volume, cc/g |
---|---|---|---|
41.00 | 3.95 | 11.48 | 1.126 × 10−1 cc/g for pores smaller than 137.1 nm |
Sample | Material Area (µm2) | (µm) | (µm) | (µm) | (µm) | (µm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BCp/BC | 114.388 | 0.179 | 0.237 | 0.677 | −0.776 | 1.454 | −0.273 | 3.529 |
Pseudo-First Order | ||||
Temperature (K) | (mg g−1) | (min−1) | (mg g−1) | |
298 | 2.45 | 0.0387 | 2.19 | 0.7911 |
308 | 2.48 | 0.0399 | 2.57 | 0.7542 |
318 | 2.50 | 0.0498 | 2.60 | 0.8753 |
Pseudo-second order | ||||
Temperature (K) | (mg g−1) | (g mg−1∙min−1) | (mg g−1) | |
298 | 2.45 | 1.0060 | 2.49 | 0.9961 |
308 | 2.48 | 1.2010 | 2.48 | 0.9935 |
318 | 2.50 | 1.4760 | 2.51 | 0.9948 |
Elovich Model | ||||
Temperature (K) | (mg g−1 min−1) | (mg g−1 min−1) | ||
298 | 1.61 | 3.38 | 0.9911 | |
308 | 2.04 | 1.44 | 0.9811 | |
318 | 2.57 | 0.51 | 0.9880 | |
Intraparticle diffusion model (IPD) | ||||
Temperature (K) | (mg·g−1 min−1/2) | |||
298 | 0.158 | 0.597 | 0.7311 | |
308 | 0.161 | 0.929 | 0.7675 | |
318 | 0.185 | 1.126 | 0.7131 |
(kJ/mol) | (J/mol·K) | (kJ/mol) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
91.4 | 328.4 | 298 K | 308 K | 318 K | 0.9993 |
−6.42 | −9.70 | −12.99 |
Langmuir Isotherm | |||
(mg/g) | (L/mg) | (mg/g) | |
12.70 | 0.290 | 13.20 | 0.9506 |
Freundlich Isotherm | |||
(mg/g) | |||
4.28 | 0.26 | 0.9769 | |
Sips Isotherm | |||
(mg/g) | |||
0.56 | 13.10 | 0.21 | 0.9986 |
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Ianăşi, C.; Svera, P.; Popa, A.; Lazău, R.; Negrea, A.; Negrea, P.; Duteanu, N.; Ciopec, M.; Nemes, N.-S. Adsorbent Material Based on Carbon Black and Bismuth with Tunable Properties for Gold Recovery. Materials 2023, 16, 2837. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072837
Ianăşi C, Svera P, Popa A, Lazău R, Negrea A, Negrea P, Duteanu N, Ciopec M, Nemes N-S. Adsorbent Material Based on Carbon Black and Bismuth with Tunable Properties for Gold Recovery. Materials. 2023; 16(7):2837. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072837
Chicago/Turabian StyleIanăşi, Cătălin, Paula Svera (m. Ianăşi), Alexandru Popa, Radu Lazău, Adina Negrea, Petru Negrea, Narcis Duteanu, Mihaela Ciopec, and Nicoleta-Sorina Nemes. 2023. "Adsorbent Material Based on Carbon Black and Bismuth with Tunable Properties for Gold Recovery" Materials 16, no. 7: 2837. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072837