A Review of Transition Metal Sulfides as Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized and Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. DSSCs
- A working electrode consists of a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) glass substrate sheet treated with a mesoporous oxide layer to activate electronic conduction.
- Molecular dye covalently bonded to the TCO for enhancement of light absorption.
- Redox mediator-based electrolyte to enable regeneration of oxidized dye molecules.
- Cathode electrodes consisting of TCO are mainly coated with platinum (Pt) to facilitate the collection of electrons.
- Incident photon to current conversion efficiency (IPCE)
- Short circuit current (Isc)
- Open circuit voltage (Voc)
- Maximum power output (Pmax), which is a product of maximum voltage (Vmax) and maximum current (Imax)
- Overall efficiency (η), which represents the percentage of solar energy converted into electrical energy
3. QDSSC
4. Transition Metal Chalcogenides (TMCs) Compounds-Based CE Catalysts
4.1. The TMS-Based CEs Applications in DSSCs
4.2. TMS-Based CEs Applications in QDSSCs
5. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
CB | Conduction Band |
CBD | Chemical Bath Deposition |
CE | Counter Electrode |
CNTs | Carbon Nanotubes |
DSSCs | Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells |
FTO | Fluorine-Doped-Tin Oxide |
GH | Graphene Hydrogel |
GP | Graphite Paper |
HTS | Hierarchical TiO2 Spheres |
HOMO | Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital |
IPCE | Incident-Photon-To-Electron Conversion Efficiency |
LUMO | Lowest Occupied Molecular Orbital |
MEG | Multiple Excitons Generation |
NPs | Nanoparticles |
NSs | Nanosheets |
NRs | Nanorods |
NTs | Nanotubes |
PCE | Power Conversion Efficiency |
Pt | Platinum |
PV | Photovoltaic |
QDs | Quantum Dots |
QDSSCs | Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells |
SILAR | Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction |
TCO | Transparent Conductive Oxide |
TMCs | Transition Metal Chalcogenides |
TMDs | Transition Metal Dichalcogenides |
TMSs | Transition Metal Sulfides |
VB | Valence Band |
Jsc | Short-Circuit Current Density |
Rct | Charge Transfer Resistance |
Voc | Open Circuit Voltage |
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TMS Based CE | Synthesis and Deposition Method | PCE Performance (%) | FF | Voc (V) | Jsc (mA cm−2) | Electrolyte | Comments on PV Performance of DSSCs with Different TMS-Based CEs | Ref. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TMS-Based CE | Pt Based CE | TMS-Based CE | Pt Based CE | TMS-Based CE | Pt Based CE | TMS-Based CE | Pt Based CE | |||||
WS2 | Simple chemical method | 7.73 | 7.64 | 0.70 | 0.66 | 0.78 | 0.78 | 14.13 | 14.89 | I−/I3− redox-couples | Comparable PCEs for DSSCs with WS2, MoS2, and platinized CEs | [107] |
MoS2 | 7.59 | 7.64 | 0.73 | 0.66 | 0.76 | 0.78 | 13.84 | 14.89 | ||||
Ag2S nanoparticles (NPs) | Colloidal synthesis process | 8.40 | 8.11 | 0.66 | 0.64 | 0.757 | 0.758 | 16.79 | 16.73 | I−/I3− redox-couple | Higher PCE for DSSC with Ag2S NPs CE in comparison to that with platinized CE | [108] |
CuS nanosheet (NS) | Electrospinning | 6.38 | 5.60 | 0.534 | 0.506 | 0.66 | 0.70 | 18.10 | 15.81 | I−/I3− redox-couple | Higher PCE for DSSC with CuS NS CE in comparison to DSSC with Pt CE | [109] |
Sb2S3 film | Hydrothermal and post-annealing treatments | 5.37 | 5.36 | 0.528 | 0.653 | 0.70 | 0.65 | 14.5 | 12.5 | I−/I3− redox-couple | Associated PCE of DSSC with Sb2S3 CE was higher than Pt CE | [110] |
CNTs/VS2 | Hydrothermal method | 8.02 | 6.49 | 0.682 | 0.645 | 0.755 | 0.717 | 15.57 | 14.03 | I−/I3− redox-couple | DSSC with CNTs/VS2 CE showed higher conductivity, better electrocatalytic activity, and higher PCE compared with Pt CE | [111] |
SnS2 nanosheet (NS) | Solution-processed approach | 7.64 | 7.71 | 0.607 | 0.639 | 0.743 | 0.730 | 16.96 | 16.53 | I−/I3− redox-couple | An increase in PCE was recorded from 7.64% (DSSC with SnS2 NS CE) to 8.06% for DSSC with SnS2 NS + CNPs CE | [112] |
SnS2 NS + carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) | Solution-based approach | 8.06 | 7.71 | 0.619 | 0.639 | 0.745 | 0.730 | 17.47 | 16.53 | |||
SnS2 NPs | Hydrothermal method | 6.30 | 6.67 | 0.53 | 0.59 | 0.759 | 0.783 | 15.66 | 15.53 | I−/I3− redox-couple | PCEs were comparable to the DSSCs, given the closeness of associated values | [113] |
Co3S4 NSs | Hydrothermal method | 7.19 | 7.27 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 15.34 | 15.99 | I−/I3− redox-couple | DSSC with Co3S4 NSs CE indicated comparable PCE to platinized CE | [114] |
CoS2 nanocrystals | Hydrothermal method | 6.78 | 7.38 | 0.64 | 0.68 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 14.62 | 14.78 | I−/I3− redox-couple | DSSC with CoS2 CE exhibited PCE comparable to Pt CE | [115] |
CoS film | Electrophoretic deposition and ion exchange deposition | 7.72 | 7.18 | 0.618 | 0.718 | 0.757 | 0.792 | 16.50 | 12.63 | I−/I3− redox-couple | PCEs of the DSSCs with CoS film and Pt CEs were relatively comparable, given the low cost of CoS film, would be more suitable for application | [116] |
FeS-HEF | Solution-phase chemical method | 8.88 | 7.73 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 18.81 | 15.79 | I−/I3− redox-couple | DSSC with FeS-HEF CE demonstrated excellent electrocatalytic activity and produced PCE higher than Pt CE | [60] |
FeS2 film | Spray pyrolysis | 7.97 | 7.54 | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.79 | 0.78 | 15.20 | 14.77 | I−/I3− redox-couple | FeS2 CE associated PCE was higher than PCE (Pt) of 7.54% with the use of I−/I3− redox couples | [117] |
FeS nanorods (NRs) (FeS NRs) | Electrospinning | 6.47 | 7.05 | 0.63 | 0.62 | 0.667 | 0.714 | 14.00 | 15.39 | I−/I3− redox couple | PCE of DSSC with FeS NRs CE was comparable to Pt CE | [118] |
MoS2 | Chemical vapor deposition | 7.50 | 7.28 | 0.697 | 0.700 | 0.707 | 0.712 | 15.2 | 14.6 | I−/I3− redox couple | DSSC with MoS2 CE produced higher PCE in comparison to Pt CE, producing PCE of 7.28% | [119] |
MoS2 with graphite paper (GP) as TCO | Solution-processed route | 6.48 | 6.22 | 0.698 | 0.675 | 0.696 | 0.720 | 13.34 | 12.79 | I−/I3− redox couple | DSSC with MoS2 CE outperformed Pt CE with PCE of 6.22% | [120] |
MoS2 | Heat-sintering method with a near-infrared (IR) pulsed laser | 7.19 | 7.42 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.718 | 0741 | 14.94 | 14.30 | I−/I3− redox couple | DSSC with laser-sintered MoS2 CE exhibited good electrocatalytic performance, with its PCE comparable to DSSC with Pt CE | [121] |
MoS2 film | Solid state sulfurization method | 5.80 | 7.30 | 0.52 | 0.66 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 15.20 | 15.40 | I−/I3− redox couple | PCE of DSSC with patterned MoS2 CE was lower but comparable to Pt CE | [122] |
NiS NTs | Electrochemical deposition | 9.80 | 8.50 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.738 | 0.737 | 18.40 | 15.90 | I−/I3− redox couple | DSSC with NiS NTs CE demonstrated both excellent electrocatalytic activity towards I3– reduction and high electrochemical stability, resulting in higher PCE | [123] |
NiS2 hierarchical hollow microspheres | Hydrothermal method | 7.84 | 7.89 | 0.63 | 0.62 | 0.712 | 0.747 | 17.48 | 17.04 | I−/I3− redox couple | DSSC with NiS2 CE demonstrated excellent electrochemical catalytic activity, and associated PCE was comparable to Pt CE | [124] |
NiS hollow spheres | Hydrothermal method | 6.90 | 6.75 | 0.637 | 0.621 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 15.26 | 15.11 | I−/I3− redox couple | DSSC with hollow NiS sphere CE exhibited better electrochemical catalytic activity, as confirmed by its higher PCE | [125] |
TMS Based CE | Synthesis and Deposition Method | PCE Performance (%) | FF | Voc (V) | Jsc (mA cm−2) | Electrolyte | Comments on PV Performance of QDSSCs with Different TMS-Based CEs | Ref. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TMS-Based CE | Pt-Based CE | TMS-Based CE | Pt Based CE | TMS-Based CE | Pt Based CE | TMS-Based CE | Pt Based CE | |||||
Cu1.8S nanoplates | Chemical bath deposition method | 5.16 | 1.19 | 0.451 | 0.317 | 0.60 | 0.56 | 19.10 | 6.70 | S−2/Sx− redox-couple | QDSSC with Cu1.8S nanoplates CE exhibited the best photoconversion behavior in comparison with platinized CE | [126] |
CoS leaf-like nanostructure | Solution-based approach | 3.48 | - | 0.529 | - | 0.57 | - | 11.54 | - | S−2/Sx− redox-couple | 72.41% increase in PCE of QDSSC resulting from a 2 to 3 h heat treatment process of CoS leaf-like nanostructure | [73] |
CoS/CuS | CEs were deposited onto FTO substrates by chemical bath deposition (CBD) | 5.22 | - | 0.47 | - | 0.56 | - | 19.96 | - | S−2/Sx− redox-couple | The utilization of different TMSs and their composites as CEs indicated the variation of PCEs for QDSSCs from 1.62 to 5.22% | [127] |
CuS | 4.73 | - | 0.45 | - | 0.58 | - | 17.82 | - | ||||
CuS/NiS | 2.56 | - | 0.44 | - | 0.45 | - | 13.09 | - | ||||
CoS | 2.23 | - | 0.43 | - | 0.42 | - | 12.39 | - | ||||
NiS | 1.62 | - | 0.40 | - | 0.42 | - | 9.52 | - | ||||
MoS2 | CE was deposited onto the FTO substrate by potentiostatic electrodeposition | 3.69 | 2.16 | 0.527 | 0.339 | 0.51 | 0.55 | 13.86 | 11.6 | S−2/Sx− redox-couple | QDSSC with MoS2 CE exhibited a much higher PCE than platinized CE | [128] |
Ni3S4 film | Potentiodynamic electrodeposition | 4.57 | 2.56 | 0.526 | 0.328 | 0.545 | 0.555 | 15.92 | 14.07 | S−2/Sx− redox-couple | QDSSC with Ni3S4 film CE exhibited better photoconversion behavior in comparison to Pt CE | [90] |
Manganese cobalt sulfide (MCS) thin film | Electrochemical Synthesis, CE was deposited on FTO by CBD | 3.22 | 1.08 | 0.51 | 0.28 | 0.50 | 0.41 | 12.62 | 9.28 | S−2/Sx− redox-couple | QDSSC with Pt CE resulted in poor FF and much lower PCE of 1.08% in comparison to MCS thin film CE | [129] |
Ternary spinel MnCo2S4 | Ionic exchange deposition, CEs were deposited onto FTO substrates by drop-coating. | 2.98 | - | 0.40 | - | 0.46 | - | 16.20 | - | S−2/Sx− redox-couple | An improvement in PCE was identified with the utilization of MnCo2S4/CNT as CE in QDSSC | [130] |
Carbon nanotubes (CNTS)/MnCo2S4 | 4.85 | - | 0.45 | - | 0.58 | - | 18.45 | - | ||||
MoS2/CuS nanohybrid | Hydrothermal method | 6.70 | - | 0.412 | - | 0.62 | - | 26.25 | - | S−2/Sx− redox-couple | Reported values demonstrated good PV performance and were based on the statistical average of six cells | [131] |
Honeycomb spherical metallic 1T-MoS2 | Hydrothermal method | 6.03 | - | 0.56 | - | 0.607 | - | 17.63 | - | S−2/Sx− redox-couple | QDSSC with 1T-MoS2 CE demonstrated good photo conversion efficiency supported by associated parametric values | [132] |
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Kharboot, L.H.; Fadil, N.A.; Bakar, T.A.A.; Najib, A.S.M.; Nordin, N.H.; Ghazali, H. A Review of Transition Metal Sulfides as Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized and Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells. Materials 2023, 16, 2881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072881
Kharboot LH, Fadil NA, Bakar TAA, Najib ASM, Nordin NH, Ghazali H. A Review of Transition Metal Sulfides as Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized and Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells. Materials. 2023; 16(7):2881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072881
Chicago/Turabian StyleKharboot, Layla Haythoor, Nor Akmal Fadil, Tuty Asma Abu Bakar, Abdillah Sani Mohd Najib, Norhuda Hidayah Nordin, and Habibah Ghazali. 2023. "A Review of Transition Metal Sulfides as Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized and Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells" Materials 16, no. 7: 2881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072881