Effect of Furfurylation on Bamboo-Scrimber Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Furfurylation of Bamboo Bundles
2.3. Preparation of Bamboo-Scrimber Composites
2.4. Physical–Mechanical Properties
2.4.1. Dimensional Stability
2.4.2. Horizontal Shear Strength
2.4.3. Bending Strength and Modulus of Bamboo-Scrimber Composites
2.5. Biological Durability
2.5.1. Anti-Mildew Property
2.5.2. Anti-Fungal-Decay Properties
2.6. Thermal Stability
2.7. Characterization of Changes in Chemical Composition
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physical Properties
3.2. Mechanical Properties
3.3. Durability
3.3.1. Resistance to Mold Fungi
3.3.2. Resistance to Decay Fungi
3.4. Microstructure
3.5. Chemical Analysis
3.5.1. FTIR
3.5.2. XPS
3.6. Analysis of Thermal-Degradation Behavior
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Abbreviation | Samples | Treatment of Bamboo Bundles | Impregnation Times | Curing Temperature |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bamboo | Bamboo bundles | untreated | ||
BSC-C | Bamboo-scrimber composites | untreated | ||
FA-BSC-Ⅰ | furfurylated with 30% FA through V–P–V impregnation | 10 min vacuum +10 min pressure +10 min vacuum | 105 ℃ | |
FA-BSC-Ⅱ | 115 ℃ | |||
FA-BSC-Ⅲ | furfurylated with 50% FA through V–P–V impregnation | 105 ℃ | ||
FA-BSC-Ⅳ | 115 ℃ | |||
FA-BSC-Ⅴ | furfurylated with 50% FA through soaking impregnation | 24 h | 105 ℃ | |
FA-BSC-Ⅵ | 48 h | 105 ℃ |
Items | Size (L × T × R) | Numbers for Each Group |
---|---|---|
TSR and WSR | 50 mm × 50 mm × 18 mm | 8 |
HSS | 108 mm × 40 mm × 18 mm | 6 |
MOR and MOE | 330 mm× 20 mm× 18 mm | 5 |
Resistance to mold | 50 mm × 20 mm × 10 mm | 24 |
Resistance to decay | 20 mm × 20 mm × 10 mm | 24 |
Resistance to termites | 25 mm × 25 mm × 6 mm | 5 |
Infection Value | Sample Infected Area |
---|---|
0 | No visible growth |
1 | Mold infection covered less than 1/4 of the surface of the sample |
2 | Mold infection covered between 1/4 and 1/2 of the surface of the sample |
3 | Mold infection covered between 1/2 and 3/4 of the surface of the sample |
4 | Mold infection covered more than 3/4 of the surface of the sample |
Samples | Mold-Prevention Efficacy (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Aspergillus niger V. Tiegh | Penicillium citrinum Thom | Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr | Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat | |
BSC-C | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
FA-BSC-Ⅰ | 75 | 25 | 100 | 0 |
FA-BSC-Ⅱ | 75 | 0 | 75 | 0 |
FA-BSC-Ⅲ | 75 | 75 | 75 | 25 |
FA-BSC-Ⅳ | 75 | 75 | 75 | 0 |
FA-BSC-Ⅴ | 75 | 75 | 100 | 25 |
FA-BSC-Ⅵ | 100 | 50 | 100 | 75 |
Samples | Weight-Loss Ratio (%) | Resistance Level | |
---|---|---|---|
Coriolus versicolor | Gloeophyllum trabeum | ||
BSC-C | 12.2 | 12.2 | Ⅱ |
FA-BSC-Ⅰ | 7.62 | 7.04 | Ⅰ |
FA-BSC-Ⅱ | 6.81 | 6.49 | |
FA-BSC-Ⅲ | 8.35 | 7.41 | |
FA-BSC-Ⅳ | 6.70 | 7.50 | |
FA-BSC-Ⅴ | 6.11 | 5.72 | |
FA-BSC-Ⅵ | 5.51 | 5.42 | |
Poplar | 72.8 | 63.2 | Ⅳ |
Bamboo | BSC-C | FA-BSC-I | FA-BSC-II | FA-BSC-III | FA-BSC-IV | FA-BSC-V | FA-BSC-VI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I1727/I1509 | 0.99 | 1.04 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.98 |
I1374/I1509 | 0.82 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.96 |
I1158/I1509 | 0.64 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.93 |
I897/I1509 | 1.36 | 1.18 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.12 | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.08 |
I1509/I1727 | 1.01 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.02 |
I1244/I1727 | 0.73 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.96 |
Element Component | Binding Energy (eV) | Bond | Main Resource | BSC-C | FA-BSC-I | FA-BSC-Ⅲ | FA-BSC-V |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O/C | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.41 | 0.41 | |||
C1 | 284.84 | C-C | Lignin, fatty acids, and other extractives | 41.61 | 47.67 | 52.23 | 52.69 |
C2 | 286.55 | C-O | Cellulose and hemicellulose | 45.59 | 39.25 | 35.23 | 37.11 |
C3 | 288.14 | C=O | Hemicellulose | 12.8 | 13.08 | 12.54 | 10.2 |
Cox/Cunox ratio | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.91 | 0.9 | |||
O1 | 532.17 | H-O | Lignin | 19.31 | 15.08 | 16.54 | 16.61 |
O2 | 533.09 | C-O | Cellulose and hemicellulose | 64.49 | 76 | 76.91 | 79.96 |
O3 | 534.11 | C=O | Lignin | 16.2 | 8.92 | 6.55 | 3.43 |
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Li, W.; Xie, G.; Ma, H.; Li, X. Effect of Furfurylation on Bamboo-Scrimber Composites. Materials 2023, 16, 2931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072931
Li W, Xie G, Ma H, Li X. Effect of Furfurylation on Bamboo-Scrimber Composites. Materials. 2023; 16(7):2931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072931
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Wanju, Guijun Xie, Hongxia Ma, and Xingwei Li. 2023. "Effect of Furfurylation on Bamboo-Scrimber Composites" Materials 16, no. 7: 2931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072931