Applications and Properties of Hemp Stalk-Based Insulating Biomaterials for Buildings: Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Insulating Material
2.1. Insulating Properties of Hemp Stalk
2.2. Binder Materials for Hemp Stalk
2.3. Acoustic Insulating Properties of Materials Based on Hemp Stalk
2.4. Thermal Insulating Properties of Materials Based on Hemp Stalk
2.5. Carbon Storage Properties
2.6. Durability
3. Conclusions and Further Research Interests
- Varieties and positions on the stem can cause differences in the elastic modulus of the hemp stalk of up to 60%. However, no studies have been found to confirm whether these differences in cell size impact the insulating properties of hemp.This research gap presents an interesting opportunity for future studies to explore ways to enhance the performance of hemp as a raw material for insulating applications. With the farming of the different varieties of hemp, it is necessary to study which variety produces the hemp stalk with the best insulating properties and in which part of the stem it is localized.
- It is suggested to use a binder that aids in creating a low-density and porous material as the microstructure of the composite material plays a significant role in determining its insulating properties.It is still necessary to delve into some issues in order to develop new green insulating materials, such as the study of more green binders that do not need to apply pressure or temperature during the manufacturing process. In this way, the manufacturing cost is reduced, and lightweight materials with high porosity would be produced that would stimulate the insulating properties of the composite material.In this way, paper pulp-based binder shows great opportunities for the development of future research.
- Despite all the studies, further research is still needed on the use of a 100% plant-based composite material, including the binder. However, among those presented, starch stands out.By using starch as a binder, an acoustic absorption () of 0.7 and a thermal conductivity of 0.03 W/m K have been achieved, which are respectively 0.2 db/db lower and 15% higher than conventional materials.
- It has been observed that only a few studies have investigated the acoustic properties, fire resistance, fungi growth, and long-term durability of 100% green composite materials.
- A ton of dry hemp can store 325 kg of CO2.Hemp is exhibited as a material capable of storing CO2 and producing a renewable material with a circular economy. The binder also affects the carbon footprint of the composite material. To prioritize the carbon footprint, a recycled biomaterial such as cardboard fiber can be chosen as a binder.
- It is necessary to protect the biomaterial against ambient conditions.The main problem for a biocomposite material is degradation over time. So in order to produce a commercial product it will be necessary to ensure the stability of the material in ambient conditions. Nevertheless, no research has been found that investigates the influence of using an eco-friendly coating on the insulation properties of a composite material.To protect the biocomposite material against ambient degradation, some vegetable coating, such as colophony, shows a great performance. Arabic gum is proposed as an effective solution for fire protection, but it only provides protection against moisture and not direct contact with water.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cellulose (%) | Hemicellulose (%) | Lignin (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
44 | 18 | 28 | [29] |
50–60 | 15–20 | 20–30 | [30] |
34–44 | 31–37 | 19–28 | [31] |
49 | 25 | 25 | [32] |
Thermal Conductivity (W/m k) | Acoustic Absorption () | Density (kg/m3) | Porosity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
- | 0.7–0.95 | 80–160 | 65–85 | [45,46] |
0.049–0.082 | 0.88–0.95 | 110–125 | 40 | [47] |
0.064–0.115 | 0.88–0.99 | 97–120 | - | [54] |
0.051 | - | 72 | 70–80 | [55] |
Type of Bio-Binder | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
Lignin based | Recycle the secondary products produced in paper pulping industries | Need to add a catalyst material |
Improve the modulus of elasticity | Increase the viscosity of adhesive | |
Improve the thermal properties | Low fire resistance | |
Improve the water resistance | Reduce the curing rate | |
Good bonding strength | Low porous structure | |
Low level of substitution | ||
Starch based | High level of substitution | Low stability upon time |
Good bonding strength | Need a surface treatment to increase the water resistance | |
Good film formation property | Low fire resistance | |
Slow drying process | ||
Poor water resistance | ||
Low fungal resistance | ||
Plant protein based | Improve thermal stability | Poor water resistance |
Good adhesion strength | Need a surface treatment to increase the water resistance | |
High level of substitution | Low porous structure | |
Low fire resistance | ||
Paper pulp based | Improve thermal/acoustic properties | Need a surface treatment to increase the water resistance |
Good bonding strength | Slow drying process | |
Recyclable | Poor fire resistance | |
High porous structure | Low stability upon time | |
High level of substitution | Low fungal resistance |
Fiber | Matrix | Eco-Friendly Material | Acoustic Absorption () | Pore Structure | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hemp stalk | Polycaprolactone | NO | 0.6–0.9 | Hollow microstructure | [33] |
Hemp stalk | Lime | NO | 0.6–0.9 | Porous material (70–75%) | [46,60,98] |
Hemp stalk | Portland cement & MgO-cement | NO | 0.1–0.25 | Low porosity | [99] |
Hemp stalk | C2-H | NO | 0.6–0.8 | Porous material | [100] |
Hemp stalk | Wheat starch | YES | 0.7 | Porous material (88–90%) | [89,101] |
Sunflower stalk | Chitosan | YES | 0.2 | Low porosity | [102] |
Sheep wool | Polypropylene | NO | 0.3–0.6 | Low porosity | [96] |
Fiber | Matrix | Eco-Friendly Material | Thermal Conductivity (W/m K) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hemp stalk | Lime | NO | 0.08–0.13 | [60,110,111] |
Hemp stalk | Portland cement & MgO-cement | NO | 0.08–0.115 | [98,99,112] |
Hemp stalk | Wheat starch | YES | 0.06–0.07 | [89,101] |
Hemp stalk | Cassava starch | YES | 0.026 | [113] |
Hemp stalk | Reactive vegetable protein | YES | 0.078 | [114] |
Sunflower stalk | Chitosan | YES | 0.056–0.058 | [102] |
Corn stalk | Rice huck ashes | YES | 0.06–0.08 | [107] |
Bamboo powder | Bio-glues | YES | 0.10–0.20 | [115] |
Corn stalk | Epoxy | NO | 0.10 | [44] |
Sheep wool | Polypropylene | NO | 0.06–0.10 | [96] |
Flax stalk | Lignin & and biobased epoxy | NO | 0.074 | [77] |
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Martínez, B.; Bernat-Maso, E.; Gil, L. Applications and Properties of Hemp Stalk-Based Insulating Biomaterials for Buildings: Review. Materials 2023, 16, 3245. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083245
Martínez B, Bernat-Maso E, Gil L. Applications and Properties of Hemp Stalk-Based Insulating Biomaterials for Buildings: Review. Materials. 2023; 16(8):3245. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083245
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartínez, Borja, Ernest Bernat-Maso, and Lluis Gil. 2023. "Applications and Properties of Hemp Stalk-Based Insulating Biomaterials for Buildings: Review" Materials 16, no. 8: 3245. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083245