Energy Storage and Dissipation in Consecutive Tensile Load-Unload Cycles of Gum Metal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedure
2.1. Material
2.2. Experimental Setup
3. Mechanical and the Related Temperature Changes for Gum Metal Cyclic Loading
- (1)
- the initial linear, purely elastic loading (0)–(A14) accompanied by the temperature drop (0)–(A14 *);
- (2)
- the nonlinear superelastic loading (A14)–(B14) related with the temperature growth (A14 *)–(B14 *);
- (3)
- the transient stage (B14)–(C14) where the temperature starts growing fast (B14 *)–(C14 *);
- (4)
- the plastic deformation (C14)–(D14) with a significant growth of temperature (C14 *)–(D14 *);
- (5)
- the superelastic-like unloading (D14)–(E14) accompanied by a drop of temperature (D14 *)–(E14 *);
- (6)
- the transient unloading (E14)–(F14) where the temperature starts decreasing slower (E14 *)–(F14 *);
- (7)
- the elastic unloading (F14)–(G14), with a slight increase of temperature (F14 *)–(G14 *).
4. Background of Energy Balance in Solid Material during the Deformation Process
5. Investigation of Energy Balance in Gum Metal Subjected to Consecutive Tensile Cycles
- α is the coefficient of linear thermal expansion,
- T0 is the absolute temperature of the specimen,
- Δσik is the stress tensor,
- ρ is the density of the material.
- cp is the specific heat of Gum Metal at constant pressure,
- is the temperature change determined in the process of the plastic deformation.
6. Estimation of Plastic and Dissipated Work and Stored Energy in Gum Metal Subjected to Subsequent Loading–Unloading Tensile Cycles—Discussion
7. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Density ρ [g/cm3] | Specific Heat cp [J/gK] | Thermal Expansion Coefficient α [K−1] |
---|---|---|
5.895 | 0.455 | 8 × 10−6 |
Values of Certain Energies of Gum Metal [J/g] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cycle Number | Maximal Stress Value [MPa] | Z [%] | |||||||
1 | 170.7 | 0.043 | 0.043 | 0 | 0 | 0.51 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 323.8 | 0.157 | 0.157 | 0 | 0 | 0.998 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | 466.5 | 0.341 | 0.14 | 0.202 | 0 | 0.998 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 | 606.3 | 0.598 | 0.19 | 0.408 | 0 | 1.148 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 | 731.0 | 0.917 | 0.153 | 0.764 | 0 | 1.037 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 | 831.6 | 1.315 | 0.179 | 0.995 | 0.143 | 1.077 | 0.232 | 0 | 0 |
7 | 908.1 | 1.859 | 0.207 | 1.157 | 0.496 | 1.173 | 0.456 | 0.04 | 7.92 |
8 | 927.3 | 2.365 | 0.151 | 1.218 | 0.996 | 0.989 | 0.802 | 0.194 | 19.46 |
9 | 934.7 | 2.477 | 0.151 | 1.218 | 1.108 | 0.932 | 0.868 | 0.241 | 21.70 |
10 | 937.4 | 2.592 | 0.163 | 1.207 | 1.223 | 1.027 | 0.972 | 0.251 | 20.51 |
11 | 940.1 | 2.517 | 0.167 | 1.157 | 1.193 | 1.059 | 0.912 | 0.281 | 23.55 |
12 | 943.3 | 2.561 | 0.16 | 1.156 | 1.247 | 1.106 | 0.932 | 0.315 | 25.28 |
13 | 947.9 | 2.465 | 0.162 | 1.166 | 1.138 | 1.051 | 0.874 | 0.264 | 23.19 |
14 | 950.0 | 2.515 | 0.162 | 1.166 | 1.188 | 0.97 | 0.931 | 0.258 | 21.66 |
15 | 954.3 | 2.486 | 0.209 | 1.186 | 1.092 | 1.193 | 0.885 | 0.207 | 18.94 |
16 | 958.4 | 2.511 | 0.258 | 1.083 | 1.171 | 1.335 | 0.94 | 0.232 | 19.75 |
17 | 961.8 | 2.54 | 0.196 | 1.149 | 1.196 | 1.452 | 0.946 | 0.251 | 20.93 |
18 | 966.3 | 2.443 | 0.211 | 1.13 | 1.103 | 1.356 | 0.889 | 0.215 | 19.42 |
19 | 970.7 | 2.583 | 0.223 | 1.12 | 1.241 | 1.344 | 1.013 | 0.228 | 18.34 |
20 | 972.2 | 2.513 | 0.267 | 1.084 | 1.163 | 1.369 | 0.973 | 0.190 | 16.31 |
21 | 973.3 | 2.554 | 0.301 | 1.023 | 1.231 | 1.442 | 1.066 | 0.165 | 13.39 |
22 | 968.5 | 2.486 | 0.38 | 0.932 | 1.175 | 1.646 | 1.037 | 0.138 | 11.72 |
23 | 963.1 | 2.584 | 0.309 | 0.935 | 1.341 | 1.429 | 1.277 | 0.064 | 4.76 |
24 | 941.6 | 2.520 | 0.282 | 0.832 | 1.407 | 1.367 | 1.352 | 0.056 | 3.94 |
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Golasiński, K.M.; Staszczak, M.; Pieczyska, E.A. Energy Storage and Dissipation in Consecutive Tensile Load-Unload Cycles of Gum Metal. Materials 2023, 16, 3288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093288
Golasiński KM, Staszczak M, Pieczyska EA. Energy Storage and Dissipation in Consecutive Tensile Load-Unload Cycles of Gum Metal. Materials. 2023; 16(9):3288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093288
Chicago/Turabian StyleGolasiński, Karol Marek, Maria Staszczak, and Elżbieta Alicja Pieczyska. 2023. "Energy Storage and Dissipation in Consecutive Tensile Load-Unload Cycles of Gum Metal" Materials 16, no. 9: 3288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093288