Recycle Option for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash (MSWIFA) as a Partial Replacement for Cement in Mortars Containing Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement (CSA) and Portland Cement to Save the Environment and Natural Resources
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash Challenges
1.2. Place of Arising and Composition of Fly Ash in the Waste Incineration Plant and Flue Gas Cleaning System
- -
- Acid pollution reduction systems;
- -
- Heavy metal, dioxin, and furan reduction systems;
- -
- Nitrogen oxide removal systems;
- -
- Exhaust gas dedusting system, which may consist of electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, and cyclones.
1.3. Concrete with MSWIFA as an Eco-Product
2. Materials
3. Methods
4. Results
4.1. MSWIFA Heavy Metal Content Determination
4.2. MSWIFA Leachability Tests
4.3. Consistency of Mortars and Its Maintenance over Time
4.4. Air Content and Its Maintenance over Time
4.5. Initial Setting Time
4.6. Water Demand
4.7. Soundness
4.8. Compressive and Flexural Strength
4.9. Shrinkage
4.10. SEM with EDS
5. Conclusions
5.1. Market and Environmental Conclusions
5.2. Summary of the Construction Findings of This Study
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | CaO | SiO2 | MgO | Al2O3 | FeO3 | P2O5 | Na2O | K2O | Cl | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MSWIFA 19 01 07 * | 16.4 | 27.2 | 2.5 | 11.7 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 7.2 | [23] |
47.4 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 4.9 | 6.7 | 25.0 | [24] | |
45.4 | 13.6 | 3.2 | 0.9 | 3.8 | 1.7 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 9.7 | [25] | |
46.8 | 8.8 | 1.6 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 4.4 | 4.9 | N.P. | [26] | |
46.3 | 8.4 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 6.2 | 5.2 | N.P. | [27] |
Symbol | Zn | Ba | Cu | Pb | Mn | Ni | Cr | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Zinc | Bar | Copper | Lead | Manganese | Nickel | Chrome | |
MSWIFA 19 01 07 * | 17,000 | 140 | 840 | 3000 | 1100 | 220 | 490 | [28] |
37,384 | N.P. | 3081 | 1356 | N.P. | 1584 | 566 | [29] | |
3692 | N.P. | 2817 | 826 | N.P. | 78 | 1369 | [30] | |
N.P. | 123 | 405 | 908 | 787 | 46 | 80 | o.r. ** |
Clinker | Composition [%] | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C3S (Alite) | C2S (Belite) | C3A (Celite) | C4AF (Brown Millerite) | C4A3Ŝ (Ye’Elimite) | CŜ (Anhydrite) | 3C2S·3CŜ·CaF2 (Fluorellastidite) | MgO (Periclase) | C3MS2 (Merwinite) | |
CSA | - | 10.4 | - | 1.2 | 64.9 | 2.6 | 9.4 | 4.9 | 0.8 |
OPC | 69 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 9 | - | - | - | 0.15 | - |
Reference Sample | Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Plant Fly Ash Sample | Reference Sample + Air-Entraining Admixture | Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Plant Fly Ash Sample + Air-Entraining Admixture | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CEM I 42.5 R | 108 | 100 | 108 | 100 |
CSA | 284 | 270.5 | 284 | 270.5 |
Zeolite | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 |
MSWIFA | - | 21.5 | - | 21.5 |
Sand * | 1350 | 1350 | 1350 | 1350 |
Water | 190 | 190 | 190 | 190 |
SPF | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.5 |
Retarder | 13.56 (10.30) ** | 13.56 (10.30) ** | 10.3 | 10.3 |
air-entraining admixture (AEA) | - | - | 0.04 | 0.1 |
Property | Standard/Method |
---|---|
Water extract | Water extract was prepared according to EN 12457-2:2006 [35]. Sample was shaken in water for 24 h in a 1:10 proportion (sample/water). |
Heavy metal content | Heavy metal content was determined according to EN 16174:2012 [36] and EN ISO 11885:2009 [37]. |
Consistency | EN 1015-3:2000/A2:2007 [38] Methods of testing mortar for masonry—Part 3: determination of the consistency of fresh mortar (by flow table). |
The consistency was tested just after mixing and after 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. Before each test, the mortar was mixed for 15 s in the mixer. | |
Air content | EN 1015-7:1998 [39] Methods of testing mortar for masonry—Part 7: Determination of air content of fresh mortar. |
The air content was tested just after mixing and the after 30 and 60 min | |
Water demand | EN 196-3:2018 [40] Methods of testing cement—Part 3: Determination of setting times and soundness. |
Initial setting time | |
Soundness | |
Flexural and compressive strength | EN 196-1:2018 [41] Methods of testing cement—Part 1: Determination of strength. |
The samples in the form of prisms measuring 160 × 40 × 40 mm were molded and kept in a humidity of 90% and a temperature of 20 ± 1 °C for 24 h. Then, samples were demolded and placed in the water at 20 ± 1 °C. Both flexural and compressive strengths were tested after 2, 7, 28, and 90 days. | |
Shrinkage | The samples in the form of prisms measuring 160 × 40 × 40 mm, equipped with metal tips on both ends, were molded and kept in a relative humidity of 90% and a temperature of 20 ± 1 °C for 24 h. Then samples were demolded and put in the climatic chamber at 20 ± 1 °C and 60% relative humidity. The elongation/shortening of the samples was tested. The first measurement was conducted after 48 h, and it was used as a base for further measurements after 7, 28, and 90 days. |
SEM, EDS | The examination was performed using a scanning microscope (Supra35 Zeiss with EDS detectors and WDS–EDAX from EDAX Company, Mahwah, NJ, USA). The measurement was based on the measurement of the characteristic X-ray energy spectrum. The research was done in The Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice. |
Symbol | Ba | Cu | Pb | Mn | Ni | Cr | Cd | Co |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Barium | Copper | Lead | Manganese | Nickel | Chromium | Cadmium | Cobalt |
Unit | mg/kg | |||||||
Results | 123.10 | 404.82 | 907.83 | 787.10 | 46.47 | 80.13 | 98.81 | 10.04 |
Material | Cadmium | Chrome | Copper | Iron | Manganese | Nickel | Lead | Zinc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Symbol | Cd | Cr | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Pb | Zn |
Unit | µg/mL | µg/mL | µg/mL | µg/mL | µg/mL | µg/mL | µg/mL | µg/mL |
MSWIFA 19 01 07 * | 0.02189 | 0.77382 | BLQ | BLQ | BLQ | 0.18530 | 1.42056 | 45.8850 |
Element | Symbol | Unit | MSWIFA 19 01 07 * |
---|---|---|---|
Sodium | Na | mg/dm3 | 14,820.0 |
Potassium | K | mg/dm3 | 1129.0 |
Lithium | Li | mg/dm3 | 10.0 |
Calcium | Ca | mg/dm3 | 10,410.0 |
Barium | Ba | mg/dm3 | 596.0 |
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Poranek, N.; Pizoń, J.; Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk, B.; Czajkowski, A.; Lagashkin, R. Recycle Option for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash (MSWIFA) as a Partial Replacement for Cement in Mortars Containing Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement (CSA) and Portland Cement to Save the Environment and Natural Resources. Materials 2024, 17, 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010039
Poranek N, Pizoń J, Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk B, Czajkowski A, Lagashkin R. Recycle Option for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash (MSWIFA) as a Partial Replacement for Cement in Mortars Containing Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement (CSA) and Portland Cement to Save the Environment and Natural Resources. Materials. 2024; 17(1):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010039
Chicago/Turabian StylePoranek, Nikolina, Jan Pizoń, Beata Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk, Adrian Czajkowski, and Ruslan Lagashkin. 2024. "Recycle Option for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash (MSWIFA) as a Partial Replacement for Cement in Mortars Containing Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement (CSA) and Portland Cement to Save the Environment and Natural Resources" Materials 17, no. 1: 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010039