Crystallisation Dynamics in Large-Scale Extrusion Additive Manufacturing: An Analysis with and without Temperature Modification
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Thermal Simulation of LS-MEX
2.2. Material Polyamide 6 Reinforced with 40 wt.% Carbon Fibres
2.3. Procedure for the Experimental Analysis of Crystallisation Kinetics
2.4. Semi-Empirical Characterisation of Crystallisation Kinetics
2.5. Simulation Model Setup
3. Results
3.1. Verification of the Thermal Simulation Results
3.2. Crystallisation Kinetics of Polyamide 6 wt.%40 Carbon Fibres
3.3. Modification of the Temperature Profiles through Additional Peripherals
3.4. Investigation of Crystallisation Kinetics in the LS-MEX Process
4. Conclusions
5. Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Large Scale Material Extrusion | LS-MEX |
Polyamide 6 with 40% carbon fibres | PA6 wt.%40 CF |
Finite element method | FEM |
Appendix A. Material Properties for Thermal Process Simulation
Thermal Properties Wood | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
Appendix B. Model Parameters (Nakamura Model)
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Manufacturing Parameters | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
Extrudate temperature, | ||
Print bed temperature, | ||
Ambient temperature, | ||
Printing speed, | ||
Layer width, | ||
Layer height, | ||
Power density—Cooling element, | ||
Power density—Heating element, | ||
Nozzle-periphery distance, | ||
Manufactured Part Dimensions | Unit | Value |
Length, | ||
Width, | ||
Height, | ||
Thermal Boundary Condition | Unit | Value |
Heat transfer coefficient—Polymer, | ||
Heat transfer coefficient—Print bed, | ||
Emissivity, | ||
Discretisation Parameters | Unit | Value |
Mesh length and width, and | ||
Mesh height, | ||
Time step, |
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Leubecher, D.; Brier, S.; Vitale, P.; Musil, B.; Höfer, P. Crystallisation Dynamics in Large-Scale Extrusion Additive Manufacturing: An Analysis with and without Temperature Modification. Materials 2024, 17, 2243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102243
Leubecher D, Brier S, Vitale P, Musil B, Höfer P. Crystallisation Dynamics in Large-Scale Extrusion Additive Manufacturing: An Analysis with and without Temperature Modification. Materials. 2024; 17(10):2243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102243
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeubecher, Dominik, Steffen Brier, Pablo Vitale, Bruno Musil, and Philipp Höfer. 2024. "Crystallisation Dynamics in Large-Scale Extrusion Additive Manufacturing: An Analysis with and without Temperature Modification" Materials 17, no. 10: 2243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102243