Application of Instrumented Indentation Procedure in Assessing the Low-Cycle Fatigue Properties of Selected Heat-Treated Steels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials, Specimens and Heat Treatment
3. LCF Tests and Results
3.1. Experimental Procedure
3.2. Cyclic Stress–Strain Behavior
3.3. Cyclic Stress–Strain Curves
3.4. Strain–Life Characteristics
3.5. Conclusions Arising from LCF Tests
4. Determination of Characteristic force P* and Structural Stresses σ*
4.1. Material and Method
4.2. Experimental Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
E | Young’s modulus |
HV | Vickers hardness |
h* | constant penetration depth (4 μm) used to determine the characteristic force P* |
K′, n′ | Ramberg–Osgood parameters |
LCF | low-cycle fatigue |
Nf | number of cycles to failure |
Q and T | quenching and tempering |
P* | characteristic stabilized force (mN) corresponding to a specified penetration depth h* |
Rε | strain ratio |
Δσ | stress range |
Δε | strain range |
Δεe | elastic strain range |
Δεp | plastic strain range |
εa | total strain amplitude |
εf′, σf′, b, c | Manson–Coffin–Basquin parameters |
εae | elastic strain amplitude |
εap | plastic strain amplitude |
σa | stress amplitude |
σa50 | stress amplitude corresponding to 50% of fatigue life Nf |
σ* | structural stress parameter (MPa) |
Appendix A
C45 | X20Cr13 | 34CrNiMo6 | ||||||
(A) | (B) | (C) | (D) | (E) | (F) | (G) | (H) | (I) |
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Steel | Yield Strength Rp0.2, (MPa) | Tensile Strength Rm, (MPa) | Elongation A5, (%) | Hardness HB |
---|---|---|---|---|
C45 | 310–505 | 565–585 | 12–16 | 163–170 |
X20Cr13 | 345 | 655 | 25 | 195 |
34CrNiMo6 | min. 900 (Q + T) | 1100–1300 (Q + T) | min. 10 (Q + T) | <248 (+A) |
Steel | C | Mn | Si | Ni | Cr | Cu | Mo | Al | Sn | V | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C45 | 0.44 | 0.54 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.12 | - | - | - | - | 98.31 |
X20Cr13 | 0.19 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.39 | 11.61 | 0.10 | 0.04 | - | - | 0.06 | 86.72 |
34CrNiMo6 | 0.35 | 0.52 | 0.29 | 1.44 | 1.47 | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.02 | - | 95.51 |
Quenching (°C) | Tempering (Air) (°C) | Average Hardness | |
---|---|---|---|
HRc | HV10 | ||
C45 | |||
850 (water) | - | 59 ± 1 | 670 ± 10 |
460 | 38 ± 1 | 344 ± 18 | |
520 | 31 ± 1 | 306 ± 4 | |
620 | 23 ± 1 | 249 ± 4 | |
X20Cr13 | |||
1000 (oil) | - | 52 ± 1 | 562 ± 8 |
550 | 45 ± 1 | 398 ± 22 | |
620 | 30 ± 1 | 274 ± 18 | |
700 | 21 ± 1 | 223 ± 4 | |
34CrNiMo6 | |||
850 (oil) | - | 50 ± 1 | 590 ± 10 |
500 | 43 ± 1 | 351 ± 19 | |
620 | 30 ± 1 | 258 ± 19 | |
700 | 25 ± 1 | 244 ± 11 |
Specimen Number | Hardness HV10 | Total Strain Amplitude εa | Number of Cycles to Failure Nf (Cycles) | Plastic Strain Amplitude εap | Elastic Strain Amplitude εae | Stress Amplitude σa (0.5 Nf) (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C45-22 | 245 ± 4 | 0.005 | 4790 | 0.0025 | 0.0025 | 523 |
C45-20 | 253 ± 3 | 0.010 | 763 | 0.0071 | 0.0029 | 598 |
C45-21 | 249 ± 2 | 0.015 | 317 | 0.0118 | 0.0032 | 650 |
C45-15 | 298 ± 6 | 0.003 | 15,619 | 0.0004 | 0.0026 | 541 |
C45-11 | 305 ± 7 | 0.005 | 8089 | 0.0020 | 0.0030 | 630 |
C45-12 | 305 ± 6 | 0.008 | 1392 | 0.0046 | 0.0034 | 712 |
C45-14 | 307 ± 6 | 0.010 | 1098 | 0.0065 | 0.0035 | 721 |
C45-10 | 311 ± 1 | 0.015 | 363 | 0.0112 | 0.0038 | 792 |
C45-08 | 332 ± 4 | 0.005 | 5976 | 0.0013 | 0.0037 | 775 |
C45-03 | 365 ± 6 | 0.010 | 1100 | 0.0058 | 0.0042 | 864 |
C45-07 | 336 ± 6 | 0.015 | 310 | 0.0106 | 0.0044 | 921 |
Specimen Number | Hardness [HV10] | Total Strain Amplitude εa | Number of Cycles to Failure Nf (cycles) | Plastic Strain Amplitude εap | Elastic Strain Amplitude εae | Stress Amplitude σa (0.5 Nf) (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X20Cr13-38 | 222 ± 3 | 0.005 | 2921 | 0.0025 | 0.0025 | 538 |
X20Cr13-40 | 228 ± 1 | 0.010 | 537 | 0.0071 | 0.0029 | 623 |
X20Cr13-41 | 220 ± 4 | 0.015 | 218 | 0.0119 | 0.0031 | 674 |
X20Cr13-31 | 253 ± 2 | 0.005 | 3084 | 0.0018 | 0.0032 | 679 |
X20Cr13-32 | 282 ± 2 | 0.010 | 538 | 0.0063 | 0.0037 | 793 |
X20Cr13-30 | 287 ± 8 | 0.015 | 242 | 0.0111 | 0.0039 | 830 |
X20Cr13-45 | 375 ± 5 | 0.005 | 5371 | 0.0001 | 0.0049 | 1055 |
X20Cr13-42 | 439 ± 6 | 0.007 | 782 | 0.0012 | 0.0058 | 1252 |
X20Cr13-43 | 388 ± 2 | 0.010 | 116 | 0.0034 | 0.0066 | 1426 |
X20Cr13-44 | 388 ± 9 | 0.015 | 18 | 0.0079 | 0.0071 | 1537 |
Specimen Number | Hardness HV10 | Total Strain Amplitude εa | Number of Cycles to Failure Nf (Cycles) | Plastic Strain Amplitude εap | Elastic Strain Amplitude εae | Stress Amplitude σa (0.5 Nf) (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
34CrNiMo6-60 | 243 ± 7 | 0.005 | 4001 | 0.0024 | 0.0026 | 515 |
34CrNiMo6-66 | 244 ± 4 | 0.010 | 1181 | 0.0070 | 0.0030 | 604 |
34CrNiMo6-61 | 246 ± 5 | 0.015 | 262 | 0.0116 | 0.0034 | 678 |
34CrNiMo6-58 | 249 ± 6 | 0.005 | 2537 | 0.0019 | 0.0031 | 640 |
34CrNiMo6-57 | 260 ± 9 | 0.010 | 631 | 0.0065 | 0.0035 | 729 |
34CrNiMo6-56 | 266 ± 4 | 0.015 | 364 | 0.0112 | 0.0038 | 775 |
34CrNiMo6-70 | 350 ± 4 | 0.005 | 4156 | 0.0010 | 0.0040 | 821 |
34CrNiMo6-68 | 376 ± 4 | 0.007 | 1505 | 0.0025 | 0.0045 | 921 |
34CrNiMo6-67 | 328 ± 2 | 0.010 | 585 | 0.0052 | 0.0048 | 999 |
34CrNiMo6-69 | 350 ± 9 | 0.015 | 242 | 0.0098 | 0.0052 | 1081 |
Material and Hardness | K′ (MPa) | n′ | E (GPa) | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
C45-249HV10 | 1191.7 | 0.1377 | 206.7 | 0.996 |
C45-306HV10 | 1289.3 | 0.1122 | 207.4 | 0.989 |
C45-344HV10 | 1310.9 | 0.0791 | 206.6 | 0.991 |
X20Cr13-223HV10 | 1277.1 | 0.1447 | 217.8 | 0.999 |
X20Cr13-274HV10 | 1388.4 | 0.1128 | 218.0 | 0.992 |
X20Cr13-398HV10 | 2378.7 | 0.0917 | 216.7 | 0.994 |
34CrNiMo6-244HV10 | 1440.1 | 0.1718 | 200.9 | 0.989 |
34CrNiMo6-258HV10 | 1460.0 | 0.1398 | 206.6 | 0.915 |
34CrNiMo6-351HV10 | 1899.1 | 0.1216 | 206.8 | 0.999 |
Material and Hardness | σf′/E | εf′ | b | c | E (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C45-249HV10 | 0.0053 | 0.5236 | −0.0706 | −0.5829 | 206.7 |
C45-306HV10 | 0.0061 | 0.4763 | −0.5641 | 207.4 | |
C45-344HV10 | 0.0065 | 1.2920 | −0.7291 | 206.6 | |
X20Cr13-223HV10 | 0.0052 | 0.4593 | −0.0818 | −0.5992 | 217.8 |
X20Cr13-274HV10 | 0.0064 | 0.8916 | −0.7092 | 218.0 | |
X20Cr13-398HV10 | 0.0102 | 0.4547 | −0.8609 | 216.7 | |
34CrNiMo6-244HV10 | 0.0064 | 0.4422 | −0.0976 | −0.5642 | 200.9 |
34CrNiMo6-258HV10 | 0.0071 | 4.4059 | −0.9093 | 206.6 | |
34CrNiMo6-351HV10 | 0.0095 | 1.3324 | −0.7892 | 206.8 |
Material | Average Hardness HV10 | Indentation Force P* (mN) |
---|---|---|
C45 | 249 ± 2 | 1154 ± 9 |
306 ± 6 | 1406 ± 5 | |
344 ± 5 | 1592 ± 6 | |
X20Cr13 | 223 ± 3 | 1077 ± 16 |
274 ± 2 | 1463 ± 25 | |
398 ± 6 | 2405 ± 40 | |
34CrNiMo6 | 244 ± 4 | 1201 ± 14 |
251 ± 7 | 1373 ± 16 | |
351 ± 4 | 2165 ± 9 |
Material | Structural Stress Parameter σ* (MPa) Changes of Indentation Force ΔP*i = P*i − P*1 (mN) |
---|---|
C45 | R2 = 0.980 |
X20Cr13 | R2 = 0.991 |
34CrNiMo6 | R2 = 0.983 |
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Hościło, B.; Molski, K.L. Application of Instrumented Indentation Procedure in Assessing the Low-Cycle Fatigue Properties of Selected Heat-Treated Steels. Materials 2024, 17, 2375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102375
Hościło B, Molski KL. Application of Instrumented Indentation Procedure in Assessing the Low-Cycle Fatigue Properties of Selected Heat-Treated Steels. Materials. 2024; 17(10):2375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102375
Chicago/Turabian StyleHościło, Bogusław, and Krzysztof L. Molski. 2024. "Application of Instrumented Indentation Procedure in Assessing the Low-Cycle Fatigue Properties of Selected Heat-Treated Steels" Materials 17, no. 10: 2375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102375