Determining the Reactivity of Selected Biomass Types Considering Their Application in Pyrometallurgical Processes of Metal Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Cupriferous Slag Reduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Biomass Reactivity
3.2. Reduction Melting of Slags
4. Conclusions
- All three analysed samples are classified as highly reactive, but we can see certain differences in other monitored parameters.
- The time to reach maximum reactivity ranged from 1.5 to 3 min, and the lowest value was recorded for the sample of spent coffee grounds.
- While using the waste biomaterials (coffee spent grounds, sunflower husk pellets and walnut shells), the potential for slag decopperisation at levels comparable to those for breeze coke (a conventional reducer) was confirmed.
- The application of reducer addition, such as sunflower husk pellets or walnut shells, ensures copper content reduction at three hours to values lower than 0.5 wt%, which means that the applied waste slag can be safely stored or used as a raw material in other economic sectors.
- The industrial application of biomaterials requires a series of larger-scale tests to determine the effects of volatile matter on the atmosphere and its corrosive effects on the working components of the metallurgical system as well as on the emission of gaseous pollutants generated during the process.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reducer | Chemical Composition of the Reducer, wt% | Heat of Combustion | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | H | O | N | S | kJ/kg | |
Walnut shells | 46.30 | 6.59 | 41.66 | 0.50 | - | 17.35 |
SCGs | 47.20 | 6.17 | 50.00 | 3.11 | - | 21.09 |
Sunflower husk pellet | 52.08 | 6.06 | 37.94 | 0.75 | 0.09 | 20.49 |
Sample | rA/min−1 | trA/min | tX50/min | ΔmINERT/% | mFINAL/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
WS | 0.366979773 | 3 | 3.86 | 78.01 | 2.78 |
Pellet SFH | 0.414915945 | 2.5 | 3.02 | 75.88 | 5.20 |
Spent coffee grounds | 0.18344614 | 1.5 | 4.60 * (46.6) | 3.25 | 14.35 |
Sample No | Reducer | Reducer Weight, g | Time, h | Metal Weight, g | Secondary Slag Weight, g | Cu Content, wt% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | coke breeze | 10.12 | 1 | 2.05 | 76.2 | 2.02 |
2 | 2 | 3.5 | 73.7 | 1.08 | ||
3 | 3 | 6.7 | 69.89 | 0.85 | ||
4 | 4 | 8.41 | 67.16 | 0.67 | ||
5 | flotation concentrate | 11.72 | 1 | 10.45 | 70.66 | 1.05 |
6 | 2 | 10.5 | 67.96 | 0.86 | ||
7 | 3 | 11.99 | 64.88 | 0.74 | ||
8 | 4 | 11.53 | 66.02 | 0.59 | ||
9 | coffee | 18.28 | 1 | 7.95 | 68.83 | 2.65 |
10 | 2 | 12.7 | 62.69 | 1.05 | ||
11 | 3 | 7.98 | 69.51 | 1.01 | ||
12 | 4 | 12 | 64.54 | 0.36 | ||
13 | pellet | 18.28 | 1 | 11.03 | 66.08 | 1.09 |
14 | 2 | 12.6 | 62.04 | 0.85 | ||
15 | 3 | 7.56 | 70 | 0.28 | ||
16 | 4 | 12.26 | 62.05 | 0.13 | ||
17 | walnut | 18.28 | 1 | 9.93 | 66.36 | 2.11 |
18 | 2 | 8.97 | 67.06 | 1.09 | ||
19 | 3 | 12.65 | 62.83 | 0.38 | ||
20 | 4 | 12.26 | 62.05 | 0.13 |
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Findorak, R.; Pikna, L.; Matuła, T.; Blacha, L.; Łabaj, J.; Smalcerz, A.; Babilas, D. Determining the Reactivity of Selected Biomass Types Considering Their Application in Pyrometallurgical Processes of Metal Production. Materials 2024, 17, 2691. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112691
Findorak R, Pikna L, Matuła T, Blacha L, Łabaj J, Smalcerz A, Babilas D. Determining the Reactivity of Selected Biomass Types Considering Their Application in Pyrometallurgical Processes of Metal Production. Materials. 2024; 17(11):2691. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112691
Chicago/Turabian StyleFindorak, Robert, Lubomir Pikna, Tomasz Matuła, Leszek Blacha, Jerzy Łabaj, Albert Smalcerz, and Dorota Babilas. 2024. "Determining the Reactivity of Selected Biomass Types Considering Their Application in Pyrometallurgical Processes of Metal Production" Materials 17, no. 11: 2691. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112691