CaAl-Layered Double Hydroxides-Modified Biochar Composites Mitigate the Toxic Effects of Cu and Pb in Soil on Pea Seedlings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. CaAl-LDH/BC Preparation
2.3. Characterization Method
2.4. Experimental Soil Remediation in Mining Areas
2.5. Planting Experiments
2.6. Chao1 and Shannon Index
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Material Characterization
3.2. Effect of CaAl-LDH/BC Composites on Soil Physicochemical Properties
3.3. Effects of CaAl-LDH/BC on the Diversity of Soil Microbial Communities
3.4. Effects of CaAl-LDH/BC on the Structural Composition of Soil Microbial Communities
3.5. Changes in the Growth of Pea Seedlings
3.6. Changes in CAT Activity and Protein Content in Pea Seedlings
3.7. Changes in Cu and Pb Content in Pea Seedlings
4. Conclusions
- CaAl-LDH/BC could increase the content of SOC, AKC, and APC in the soil, and compared with BC, CaAl-LDH/BC could better increase the soil pH and cation exchange, which indicated that CaAl-LDH/BC could more effectively promote soil improvement and fertility enhancement. Furthermore, CaAl-LDH/BC significantly reduced the available content of Cu and Pb in the soil, of which the 2% dosage of CaAl-LDH/BC showed the best effect, and its passivation of Cu and Pb in soil reached 47.85% and 37.95%, respectively.
- Based on the results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the Chao1 index and Shannon index values of microbial communities in CaAl-LDH/BC-restored soils were significantly increased compared with those of BC, indicating that CaAl-LDH/BC had a significant effect on enhancing the diversity and abundance of soil microorganisms. CaAl-LDH/BC could significantly enhance the average relative abundance of beneficial microorganisms such as Actinobacteriota, Gemmatimonadota, Luteimonas, and Longimicrobium in the soil, which could help to enhance the tolerance of plants to heavy metals, reduce the enrichment capacity of plants for heavy metals, and enhance the nitrogen fixation capacity of the soil, It indicated that CaAl-LDH/BC had a positive effect on improving the soil microbial environment and inducing microbial communities to reduce the damage of heavy metals to plants.
- CaAl-LDH/BC can increase the fresh weight, root length, and plant height of pea seedlings, promote the growth of pea seedlings, reduce the content of Cu and Pb in pea seedlings, and enhance the CAT activity and protein content in pea seedlings. The lowest Cu and Pb contents in pea seedlings were 2.92 mg/kg and 6.67 mg/kg, which were reduced by 90.84% and 91.03%, respectively, after 2% CaAl-LDH/BC treatment.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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pH | AKC | APC | SOCC | SOC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/kg | mg/kg | mmol/kg | mg/kg | ||
CK | 4.47 | 327.63 | 30.88 | 32.59 | 11.75 |
BC 0.5 | 4.54 | 346.50 | 31.45 | 37.43 | 15.73 |
BC 1 | 4.66 | 376.05 | 31.63 | 39.54 | 18.66 |
BC 2 | 4.92 | 402.00 | 31.73 | 36.59 | 25.92 |
LB 0.5 | 5.30 | 343.03 | 34.50 | 38.71 | 14.80 |
LB 1 | 5.75 | 384.16 | 34.71 | 49.75 | 17.22 |
LB 2 | 6.33 | 444.11 | 35.72 | 62.91 | 24.65 |
Feed Material | Dosage | Soil Heavy Metal Contaminants | Processing Times | Raw Soil Heavy Metal Content | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cornstalk biochar | 2% | The available contents of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb were reduced by 23.8%, 11.9%, 5.27%, and 14.3%, respectively. | 28 d | The available contents of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb were 3.2, 17, 108, and 145 mg/kg, respectively. | [35] |
Miscanthus × giganteus biochar | 1% | CaCl2-extractable Cd, Zn, and Pb concentrations were reduced by 14%, 15%, and 29%, respectively. | 84 d | CaCl2-extractable Cd, Zn, and Pb concentrations were 24.0, 2980, and 3110 mg/kg. | [36] |
Nano-Montmorillonite | 1% | Cd available content was reduced by 5.59%. | 60 d | Cd available content was 2.51 mg/kg. | [37] |
Red mud/Apatite/Red mud + Apatite | 5%/5%/2.5% + 2.5% | Bioavailable and potentially bioavailable fraction of lead reduced from 92.1% to 80.2%, 86.4%, and 82.2%, respectively. | 120 d | The total content of Pb was 44.2 mg/kg. | [38] |
CaAl-LDH/BC | 2% | The available contents of Pb and Cu were reduced by 37.95% and 47.85%. | 80 d | The available contents of Pb and Cu were 175.3 and 67.7 mg/kg. | This paper |
Chao1 | ACE | Shannon | Simpson | Coverage | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BC 2-1 | 515.447 | 518.8916 | 6.072507 | 0.964053 | 0.999863 |
BC 2-2 | 592.8255 | 594.9367 | 6.208726 | 0.967411 | 0.999871 |
BC 2-3 | 571.3871 | 572.7808 | 6.300023 | 0.971114 | 0.999887 |
CK-1 | 402.8966 | 405.1257 | 5.154584 | 0.918712 | 0.999919 |
CK-2 | 402.3636 | 404.6076 | 5.052613 | 0.90576 | 0.999902 |
CK-3 | 448.561 | 452.0917 | 5.049857 | 0.906209 | 0.999784 |
LB 2-1 | 817.1224 | 820.1697 | 6.564774 | 0.970319 | 0.999827 |
LB 2-2 | 808.5941 | 819.0188 | 6.224698 | 0.953588 | 0.999676 |
LB 2-3 | 808.9655 | 807.51 | 6.564133 | 0.963213 | 0.999857 |
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Wang, Y.; Cai, Y.; Wu, Y.; Yan, C.; Dang, Z.; Yin, H. CaAl-Layered Double Hydroxides-Modified Biochar Composites Mitigate the Toxic Effects of Cu and Pb in Soil on Pea Seedlings. Materials 2024, 17, 2763. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112763
Wang Y, Cai Y, Wu Y, Yan C, Dang Z, Yin H. CaAl-Layered Double Hydroxides-Modified Biochar Composites Mitigate the Toxic Effects of Cu and Pb in Soil on Pea Seedlings. Materials. 2024; 17(11):2763. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112763
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yuanzheng, Yuhao Cai, Yuxuan Wu, Caiya Yan, Zhi Dang, and Hua Yin. 2024. "CaAl-Layered Double Hydroxides-Modified Biochar Composites Mitigate the Toxic Effects of Cu and Pb in Soil on Pea Seedlings" Materials 17, no. 11: 2763. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112763