The Recent Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Fields
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of MNPs
2.1. Functional Characteristics of MNPs
2.2. Biocompatibility of MNPs
3. Functional Surface Coatings on MNPs
3.1. Inorganic Material
3.2. Multifunctional Organic Material
3.3. Polymer Material
4. Applications of MNPs in Biomedical Fields
4.1. Applications of MNPs in Medical Imaging Technology
4.2. Applications of MNPs in the Treatment of Diseases
4.2.1. Applications of MNPs in Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia
4.2.2. Drug Delivery and Targeting
4.3. Applications of MNPs in Biomedical Assays
4.3.1. Detection of Nucleic Acid
4.3.2. Cell Separation
4.3.3. Determination of Other Biomolecules
4.4. Other Applications of MNPs in the Treatment of Diseases
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Organic Molecules | Mechanism of Action | Appliance | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
amino group | The positively charged surfaces of MNPs facilitate electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding | Attachment of groups, binding of DNA, or capture of bacteria | Bai et al. [48] |
carboxyl group (-COOH) | The carboxyl group facilitates the formation of ionic bridges between sodium ions in solution and the phosphate groups of nucleic acid molecules | Linkage groups, specific adsorption of nucleic acids | Li et al. [49] |
Salicylic acid (SA) | Introducing carboxylic acid and phenolic functional groups onto MNPs | Make MNPs have good adsorption properties | Zhou et al. [50] |
Acridine Orange, (ACO) | ACO is a cell-permeable fluorescent and water-soluble stain, while MNPs@ACO exhibits the ability to interact with DNA and RNA through embedding or electrostatic attraction | binding nucleic acid | Sahoo et al. [51] |
Imidazole (IMI) | The charge of MNPs@IMI can reach neutrality and exhibits reversible charge behavior upon pH modification | adsorbing DNA by electrostatic action | Maeda et al. [52] |
agglutinin | This sugar-binding protein possesses one or more glycosyl binding sites within its three-dimensional structure, enabling it to interact with peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide present on the surface of diverse cell types, thereby inducing agglutination or glycoconjugate precipitation in a wide range of cellular contexts | Binding bacteria in a broad spectrum | Kaitlin et al. [53] |
antibiotics | Antibiotic-modified MNPs exhibit antibacterial activity through specific binding interactions with bacterial surface structures | Specific recognition of ligands, target drugs | Abdelaziz et al. [54] |
bacteriophage | The phage tail fibers exhibit a recognition and binding capability toward bacteria | Biometric ligands, specific isolation of target pathogens | Zhan et al. [55] |
amino acids | Numerous side-chain amino acids possess plentiful carboxyl, hydroxyl, and sulfhydryl groups, thereby offering a significant quantity of binding sites for nanoparticles | Functionalized modification, capture of bacteria | Antal et al. [56] |
polypeptides | Selective and potent signaling molecules that bind to specific cell surface receptors (e.g., G protein-coupled receptors or ion channels) to trigger intracellular effects | Specific recognition of ligands and target drugs | Kuan et al. [57] |
enzymes | MNPs@enzyme serves to safeguard enzyme activity while concurrently functioning as a magnetic separation and recovery tool | Enzyme-carrier complexes with high stability and selectivity | Matveeva et al. [58] |
streptomycin (antibiotic) | Streptavidin demonstrates a high degree of specificity and a robust affinity for tetrameric biotin binding | Commonly used as affinity-adsorbed MNPs for biological use | Sosa-Acosta et al. [59] |
liposome | Magnetic-fluid-loaded liposomes (MFLs) possess a positively charged surface that enables them to interact with phosphorylates in DNA. MFLs have the ability to adsorb to cell membranes, which are negatively charged, and subsequently enter the cell through membrane depressions, thereby leveraging the benefits of both magnetic materials and liposomes | Carriers of targeted drugs | Millart et al. [60] |
antibodies | Antibody-modified MNPs, commonly referred to as immunomagnetic beads, exhibit specific binding capabilities to antigens | Specific binding ligands and targeting drugs | Liu et al. [61] |
aptamers | 1. The recognition of ligands occurs through the mutual alignment of spatial conformations, resulting in high selectivity and affinity for their respective targets. 2. The termini of aptamer sequences may be adorned with a variety of functional groups or molecules to facilitate chemical modification and sensing, including but not limited to amino, carboxyl, biotin, and fluorescein | Acting as affinity adsorption and specific binding, applying in the fields of magnetic transfection and gene therapy | Sizikov et al. [62] |
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Hong, J.; Wang, L.; Zheng, Q.; Cai, C.; Yang, X.; Liao, Z. The Recent Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Fields. Materials 2024, 17, 2870. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122870
Hong J, Wang L, Zheng Q, Cai C, Yang X, Liao Z. The Recent Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Fields. Materials. 2024; 17(12):2870. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122870
Chicago/Turabian StyleHong, Jiaqi, Linhao Wang, Qikai Zheng, Changyu Cai, Xiaohua Yang, and Zhenlin Liao. 2024. "The Recent Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Fields" Materials 17, no. 12: 2870. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122870