Wood Polymer Composite Based on Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) and Wood Flour—The Process Optimization of the Products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Materials
2.2. Production of Composite and Test Samples
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Accuracy Testing of Molded Parts
3.2. Mechanical Properties Tests
3.3. Optimization Using the Taguchi Method
- When optimizing the shrinkage of molded parts, the primary and secondary shrinkage values should be as low as possible, so the criterion chosen was “the smaller the better”. The quality characteristics and the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) were calculated from the following equation:
- In the case of mass and mechanical properties, the values of the Young’s modulus, tensile strength, and relative elongation at maximum tensile stress should be as high as possible, so the criterion “the bigger the better” was chosen. The quality characteristics and the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) were calculated from the following equation:
- Weight of samples (Figure 2): optimization objective function “larger is better” selected;
- Volume shrinkage (Figure 3): optimization objective function “smaller is better” selected;
- Tensile strength (Figure 4): optimization objective function “larger is better” selected;
- Young’s modulus (Figure 5): optimization objective function “larger is better” selected;
- Elongation at break (Figure 6): optimization objective function “larger is better” selected.
- –
- Cooling time—20 [s];
- –
- Flow rate—25 [cm3/s];
- –
- Packing pressure—30 [MPa];
- –
- Packing time—20 [s];
- –
- Mold temperature—85 [°C];
- –
- Melt temperature—180 [°C].
- –
- Cooling time 30 [s];
- –
- Flow rate 25 [cm3/s];
- –
- Packing pressure 32 [MPa];
- –
- Packing time 25 [s];
- –
- Mold temperature 80 [°C];
- –
- Melt temperature 180 [°C].
- –
- Cooling time 30 [s];
- –
- Flow rate 35 [cm3/s];
- –
- Packing pressure 32 [MPa];
- –
- Packing time 25 [s];
- –
- Mold temperature 75 [°C];
- –
- Melt temperature 190 [°C].
- –
- Cooling time 30 [s];
- –
- Flow rate 25 [cm3/s];
- –
- Packing pressure 32 [MPa];
- –
- Packing time 30 [s];
- –
- Mold temperature 75 [°C];
- –
- Melt temperature 185 [°C].
- –
- Cooling time 30 [s];
- –
- Flow rate 35 [cm3/s];
- –
- Packing pressure 32 [MPa];
- –
- Packing time 30 [s];
- –
- Mold temperature 85 [°C];
- –
- Melt temperature 185 [°C].
4. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Value |
---|---|
Density (g/cm3) | 1.25 |
Plastic stress (MPa) | 31–36 |
Tensile strength (MPa) | 39 |
Elongation at break (%) | 2 |
Young’s modulus (MPa) | 2800–3500 |
TFeed/Throat [°C] | T1 [°C] | T2 [°C] | T3 [°C] | THead [°C] |
---|---|---|---|---|
55 | 145 | 165 | 175 | 175 |
Control Factor | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Cooling time [s] | 20 | 25 | 30 |
Mold temperature [°C] | 75 | 80 | 85 |
Melt temperature [°C] | 180 | 185 | 190 |
Packing time [s] | 20 | 25 | 30 |
Packing pressure [MPa] | 28 | 30 | 32 |
Flow rate [cm3/s] | 25 | 35 | 45 |
Parameter Configuration Number | Cooling Time [s] | Flow Rate [cm3/s] | Packing Pressure [MPa] | Packing Time [s] | Mold Temperature [°C] | Melt Temperature [°C] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 20 | 25 | 28 | 20 | 75 | 180 |
2 | 20 | 25 | 28 | 20 | 80 | 185 |
3 | 20 | 25 | 28 | 20 | 85 | 190 |
4 | 20 | 35 | 30 | 25 | 75 | 180 |
5 | 20 | 35 | 30 | 25 | 80 | 185 |
6 | 20 | 35 | 30 | 25 | 85 | 190 |
7 | 20 | 45 | 32 | 30 | 75 | 180 |
8 | 20 | 45 | 32 | 30 | 80 | 185 |
9 | 20 | 45 | 32 | 30 | 85 | 190 |
10 | 25 | 25 | 30 | 30 | 75 | 185 |
11 | 25 | 25 | 30 | 30 | 80 | 190 |
12 | 25 | 25 | 30 | 30 | 85 | 180 |
13 | 25 | 35 | 32 | 20 | 75 | 185 |
14 | 25 | 35 | 32 | 20 | 80 | 190 |
15 | 25 | 35 | 32 | 20 | 85 | 180 |
16 | 25 | 45 | 28 | 25 | 75 | 185 |
17 | 25 | 45 | 28 | 25 | 80 | 190 |
18 | 25 | 45 | 28 | 25 | 85 | 180 |
19 | 30 | 25 | 32 | 25 | 75 | 190 |
20 | 30 | 25 | 32 | 25 | 80 | 180 |
21 | 30 | 25 | 32 | 25 | 85 | 185 |
22 | 30 | 35 | 28 | 30 | 75 | 190 |
23 | 30 | 35 | 28 | 30 | 80 | 180 |
24 | 30 | 35 | 28 | 30 | 85 | 185 |
25 | 30 | 45 | 30 | 20 | 75 | 190 |
26 | 30 | 45 | 30 | 20 | 80 | 180 |
27 | 30 | 45 | 30 | 20 | 85 | 185 |
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Frącz, W.; Pacana, A.; Siwiec, D.; Janowski, G.; Bąk, Ł.; Szawara, P. Wood Polymer Composite Based on Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) and Wood Flour—The Process Optimization of the Products. Materials 2024, 17, 2955. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122955
Frącz W, Pacana A, Siwiec D, Janowski G, Bąk Ł, Szawara P. Wood Polymer Composite Based on Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) and Wood Flour—The Process Optimization of the Products. Materials. 2024; 17(12):2955. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122955
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrącz, Wiesław, Andrzej Pacana, Dominika Siwiec, Grzegorz Janowski, Łukasz Bąk, and Paulina Szawara. 2024. "Wood Polymer Composite Based on Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) and Wood Flour—The Process Optimization of the Products" Materials 17, no. 12: 2955. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122955