Experimental Investigation into the Failure Mechanisms of Fabric Membrane Materials with Defective Flat Round Cracks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments
2.1. Test Settings
2.2. Test Conditions
2.3. Data Processing Methods
3. Experimental Results
3.1. Stress and Strain Results
3.1.1. Force–Displacement
3.1.2. Cases of Central Crack
3.1.3. Cases of Edge Crack
3.2. Crack Propagation
3.2.1. Central Crack Case
3.2.2. Edge Crack Working Condition
4. Discussion
4.1. Tip Stress
4.2. The Mechanic of Failure
4.3. Energy Absorption
5. Conclusions
- The crack width increases continuously during the stretching process, initially increasing rapidly. As stress increases, the crack width increment becomes small, indicating a transition to a plastic state. The crack width is directly proportional to stress, forming a function relationship. Equation (2) can be used to approximate the calculation of crack width.
- Simultaneously, during the evolution of crack width, the membrane material may undergo curling, but this curling does not affect the mechanical properties of the membrane material.
- The length of the crack increases with the increase in load, suggesting that the crack point may not always be at a fiber position but could also be at a baseline position. Once the crack point reaches a fiber position, its length no longer increases.
- As stress increases, the strain distribution of the membrane material becomes uneven, with greater strain near the crack ends. Inconsistent internal yarn deformations lead to stress concentration at the crack ends. Stress is directly proportional to strain, forming a function relationship. Equation (1) can be used to approximate the calculation of crack strain.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PVDF | polyvinylidene fluoride |
a | the major axis of the flat circle |
b | the minor axis of the flat circle |
represents stress | |
represents strain | |
E | can be the elastic module |
under the assumption that it is cut as an ellipse, the edge stress is represented and is expressed in Equation (3) | |
average stress on the hole ligament | |
the vertical length of the cut | |
the horizontal length of the cut | |
the width of the membrane material | |
the energy at failure | |
the energy of elastic |
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Parameter | Type | Base Density | Elastic Module | Tension Strength | Tear Strength | Yarn Thickness | Yarn Strength |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Data | PVDF | 1300 g/m2 | 430~480 MPa | 9000 N/5 cm | 550 N/5 cm | 1500 D × 1500 D | ~100 N |
Case | Position | Crack Shape | Crack Angle | Initial Crack Length |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Center | Oblate circle | 90° | a = 10 mm, b = 4 mm |
2 | Center | Oblate circle | 75° | a = 10 mm, b = 4 mm |
3 | Center | Oblate circle | 45° | a = 10 mm, b = 4 mm |
4 | Center | Oblate circle | 30° | a = 10 mm, b = 4 mm |
5 | Center | Oblate circle | 0° | a = 10 mm, b = 4 mm |
6 | Margin | Oblate circle | 90° | a = 10 mm, b = 4 mm |
7 | Margin | Oblate circle | 75° | a = 10 mm, b = 4 mm |
8 | Margin | Oblate circle | 45° | a = 10 mm, b = 4 mm |
9 | Margin | Oblate circle | 30° | a = 10 mm, b = 4 mm |
10 | Margin | Oblate circle | 0° | a = 10 mm, b = 4 mm |
Parameter | Stress/MPa | Strain/% | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Load/N | 1 −90° | 2 −75° | 3 −45° | 4 −30° | 5 −0° | 1 −90° | 2 −75° | 3 −45° | 4 −30° | 5 −0° |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
500 | 12.50 | 12.39 | 12.05 | 11.11 | 10.87 | 2.07 | 2.22 | 2.18 | 1.93 | 3.26 |
1000 | 25.00 | 24.79 | 24.10 | 22.22 | 21.74 | 4.98 | 4.55 | 4.60 | 5.12 | 5.82 |
1500 | 37.50 | 37.18 | 36.15 | 33.33 | 32.61 | 8.45 | 7.93 | 7.19 | 8.49 | 7.77 |
Parameter | Stress/MPa | Strain/% | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Load/N | 6 −90° | 7 −75° | 8 −45° | 9 −30° | 10 −0° | 6 −90° | 7 −75° | 8 −45° | 9 −30° | 10 −0° |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
500 | 12.50 | 12.39 | 12.05 | 11.11 | 10.87 | 1.21 | 1.82 | 2.63 | 2.45 | 2.27 |
1000 | 25.00 | 24.79 | 24.10 | 22.22 | 21.74 | 4.65 | 5.50 | 5.08 | 5.48 | 5.54 |
1500 | 37.50 | 37.18 | 36.15 | 33.33 | 32.61 | 8.50 | 9.04 | 8.09 | 8.40 | 9.28 |
Parameter | Stress/MPa | Crack Length/mm | ||||||||
Load/N | 1 −90° | 2 −75° | 3 −45° | 4 −30° | 5 −0° | 1 −90° | 2 −75° | 3 −45° | 4 −30° | 5 −0° |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9.80 | 9.29 | 9.97 | 9.20 | 9.86 |
500 | 12.50 | 12.39 | 12.05 | 11.11 | 10.87 | 9.82 | 9.93 | 10.03 | 10.02 | 11.18 |
1000 | 25.00 | 24.79 | 24.10 | 22.22 | 21.74 | 10.41 | 10.91 | 10.63 | 11.35 | 11.63 |
1500 | 37.50 | 37.18 | 36.15 | 33.33 | 32.61 | 10.99 | 11.89 | 10.92 | 13.35 | 12.51 |
Parameter | Crack Width/mm | Vertical Displacement of Cracks/mm | ||||||||
Load/N | 1 −90° | 2 −75° | 3 −45° | 4 −30° | 5 −0° | 1 −90° | 2 −75° | 3 −45° | 4 −30° | 5 −0° |
0 | 4.04 | 3.82 | 3.56 | 3.53 | 3.68 | / | / | / | / | / |
500 | 5.25 | 4.48 | 4.28 | 4.48 | 4.09 | 1.20 | 0.68 | 1.14 | 0.36 | |
1000 | 7.40 | 5.59 | 5.28 | 5.13 | 4.28 | 1.67 | 0.85 | 1.02 | 0.45 | |
1500 | 9.33 | 6.48 | 5.74 | 6.26 | 4.90 | 1.68 | 0.99 | 1.11 | 0.86 |
Parameter | Stress/MPa | Crack Length/mm | ||||||||
Load/N | 6 −90° | 7 −75° | 8 −45° | 9 −30° | 10 −0° | 6 −90° | 7 −75° | 8 −45° | 9 −30° | 10 −0° |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.78 | 10.11 | 8.36 | 9.60 | 9.72 |
500 | 12.50 | 12.39 | 12.05 | 11.11 | 10.87 | 9.15 | 10.54 | 9.87 | 10.49 | 9.99 |
1000 | 25.00 | 24.79 | 24.10 | 22.22 | 21.74 | 9.30 | 11.68 | 9.99 | 11.15 | 11.48 |
1500 | 37.50 | 37.18 | 36.15 | 33.33 | 32.61 | 9.97 | 13.13 | 11.00 | 11.69 | 13.25 |
Parameter | Crack Width/mm | Vertical Displacement of Cracks/mm | ||||||||
Load/N | 6 −90° | 7 −75° | 8 −45° | 9 −30° | 10 −0° | 6 −90° | 7 −75° | 8 −45° | 9 −30° | 10 −0° |
0 | 3.67 | 3.85 | 3.93 | 3.78 | 3.77 | / | / | / | / | / |
500 | 4.33 | 4.12 | 4.40 | 4.35 | 4.47 | 0.98 | 0.71 | 1.08 | 1.06 | |
1000 | 5.29 | 5.01 | 4.79 | 5.36 | 4.80 | 1.22 | 0.94 | 1.11 | 1.24 | |
1500 | 6.49 | 6.66 | 5.45 | 5.99 | 5.24 | 1.38 | 1.01 | 1.13 | 1.28 |
Parameter | Central Crack Condition/MPa | Edge Crack Working Condition/MPa | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case Angle | 1–90° | 2–75° | 3–45° | 4–30° | 5–0° | 6–90° | 7–75° | 8–45° | 9–30° | 10–0° |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
500 | 42.77 | 50.44 | 35.44 | 21.65 | 17.71 | 47.70 | 55.90 | 34.49 | 22.42 | 19.18 |
1000 | 68.54 | 89.98 | 63.61 | 42.69 | 35.45 | 82.40 | 101.69 | 65.61 | 41.49 | 37.13 |
1500 | 90.18 | 126.76 | 91.74 | 62.16 | 54.16 | 110.37 | 130.95 | 95.17 | 60.24 | 54.21 |
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Li, W.; Liu, P.; Zhang, J.; Kaewunruen, S. Experimental Investigation into the Failure Mechanisms of Fabric Membrane Materials with Defective Flat Round Cracks. Materials 2024, 17, 2970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122970
Li W, Liu P, Zhang J, Kaewunruen S. Experimental Investigation into the Failure Mechanisms of Fabric Membrane Materials with Defective Flat Round Cracks. Materials. 2024; 17(12):2970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122970
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Wenrui, Ping Liu, Jiancheng Zhang, and Sakdirat Kaewunruen. 2024. "Experimental Investigation into the Failure Mechanisms of Fabric Membrane Materials with Defective Flat Round Cracks" Materials 17, no. 12: 2970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122970