Numerical Simulation of Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Al/Mg Alloys Using Coupled Level Set and Volume of Fluid Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Model Formulation
2.1. Governing Equations
2.2. VOF Method
2.3. CLSVOF Method
2.4. Implementation of CLSVOF
2.5. Geometric Model
2.6. Solution Algorithm
- Open and initialize the UDS equation to solve the level set function;
- On the basis of the initial conditions or the value of the previous time step, initialize the physical quantities required to be solved, such as velocity, density, and level set function;
- Solve the VOF equation, Equation (6);
- Solve the level set equation, Equation (10);
- Calculate relevant physical properties and store normal vector components, interface curvature, and other intermediate values;
- Add the interacting force between two phases in the form of the source term to the momentum equation, solve the governing equations, Equations (14)–(16), and obtain an updated velocity field;
- Assign the initial value to the level set function according to the VOF function, and use Equation (11) to reinitialize the level set function;
- Go to the next time and repeat step 2–7.
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
- The coupled level set and volume of fluid (CLSVOF) method is proposed and the method can not only maintain the conservation of mass but also accurately calculate the material physical properties near the interface. The material mixing and distribution in the Al/Mg dissimilar FSW are studied by using the CLSVOF method. In the upper part of the workpiece, the distance of the Al alloy moving across the original abutting surface is larger than that in the middle and lower part of the workpiece, and the degree of Al/Mg bonding is better.
- A comparative analysis is conducted on the heat transfer and material flow in the Al/Mg dissimilar FSW process by using the VOF model and CLSVOF model. The heat transfer and material flow play important roles on the mechanical locking between Al and Mg alloys. At the lower part of the workpiece, low heat and poor material fluidity result in weak bonding, making it easy for defects to occur there.
- In order to verify the accuracy of the model, the predicted weld morphologies are compared with the experimental results. The CLSVOF model calculates a more concentrated interface zone and could better describe the Al/Mg bonding interface in the stable region.
- The transient change process of the material near the tool is predicted. Under the severe action of the tool, the Al alloy easily loses continuity. A part of the material is deposited behind the tool and the other part is migrated near the pin and makes a downward spiral movement until the tool bottom under the shear and extrusion of the pin. Finally, a stable continuous two-phase interface is formed.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | Al | Mg | Cu | Si | Mn | Fe | Zn | Ti | Cr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6061-T6 | Bal. | 1.09 | 0.3 | 0.51 | 0.009 | 0.200 | 0.050 | - | 0.13 |
AZ31B-H24 | 3.91 | Bal. | 0.004 | 0.034 | 0.322 | 0.005 | 0.936 | - | - |
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Zhang, G.; Gao, J.; Wu, C. Numerical Simulation of Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Al/Mg Alloys Using Coupled Level Set and Volume of Fluid Method. Materials 2024, 17, 3014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17123014
Zhang G, Gao J, Wu C. Numerical Simulation of Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Al/Mg Alloys Using Coupled Level Set and Volume of Fluid Method. Materials. 2024; 17(12):3014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17123014
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Guanlan, Jinqiang Gao, and Chuansong Wu. 2024. "Numerical Simulation of Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Al/Mg Alloys Using Coupled Level Set and Volume of Fluid Method" Materials 17, no. 12: 3014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17123014
APA StyleZhang, G., Gao, J., & Wu, C. (2024). Numerical Simulation of Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Al/Mg Alloys Using Coupled Level Set and Volume of Fluid Method. Materials, 17(12), 3014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17123014