Mechanical Properties and Durability of Composite Cement Pastes Containing Phase-Change Materials and Nanosilica
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Early-Stage Temperature Measurements
3.2. Compressive Strength
3.3. X-ray Diffraction
3.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.5. Thermal Conductivity
3.6. Nitrogen Physisorption
3.7. Depth of Carbonation
3.8. Electrical Resistivity
3.9. Water Absorption (Sorptivity)
3.10. Thermal Behavior
4. Conclusions
- The temperatures recorded by K-type thermocouples during the semi-adiabatic process in the fresh pastes, with data collected every 2 s, revealed that adding 10% PCMs by the mass of cement reduced the hydration time and temperature at early ages. This reduction is attributed to the PCM’s heat absorption capacity and intrinsic thermal conductivity properties.
- SEM images confirmed that PCM particles have individual sizes of 3 μm and tend to agglomerate in spherical shapes ranging from 50 to 170 μm in diameter. These spheres fill spaces in the cementitious matrix, physically altering microstructure and porosities. These modifications compromise certain properties, such as compressive strength. It was found that adding 10% PCM led to a reduction of nearly 33% in strength. Additionally, electrical resistivity values drastically decreased when the PCM content exceeded 3%, with a reduction of 87% as compared to the reference sample (R). These decreases confirmed that the PCM modified the microstructure acting as microfiller, hence altering the electrical resistivity, and these observations were supported by the SEM results.
- For samples cured up to 90 days, deep carbonation measurements were conducted by exposing samples to a controlled atmosphere for 7 days, followed by fracturing and spraying them with a phenolphthalein indicator solution. Samples exhibiting lower thermal conductivity (FA3 and FA10) showed lower depths of carbonation in the presence of the PCM, hence reducing risk of penetration by aggressive agents.
- Another improved property was water absorption. Samples dried for 3 days and exposed to water demonstrated that PCMs behaved like non-adsorbent materials. Specifically, FA3 exhibited better performance in terms of the final absorption rate, while for FA samples, the initial absorption rate was improved.
- Regarding thermal behavior, temperature measurements obtained by K-type thermocouples during 7-day exposure to the external conditions indicated that PCM addition could potentially enhance thermal comfort within buildings. Consequently, the use of PCMs in combination with high-fly-ash-containing Portland cement blends present a viable option for thermal insulation and, by extension, the mitigation of global warming.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oxide (%) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | SO3 | Na2O | K2O | TiO2 | P2O5 | MnO | LoI | |
OPC | 19.82 | 4.97 | 1.99 | 61.47 | 1.48 | 4.53 | 0.5 | 0.81 | 0.24 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
FA | 59.86 | 24.30 | 3.98 | 2.72 | 0.78 | 0.42 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.86 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
Components | R | P1 | P3 | P5 | P10 | FA0 | FA1 | FA3 | FA5 | FA10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement (gr) | 1500 | 1500 | 1500 | 1500 | 1500 | 750 | 750 | 750 | 750 | 750 |
Fly ash (gr) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 750 | 750 | 750 | 750 | 750 |
PCM (gr) | -- | 15 | 45 | 75 | 150 | -- | 15 | 45 | 75 | 150 |
Nanosilica (gr) | -- | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | -- | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
Sample | Lineal Regression up to 6 h | R2 | Si (mm/s1/2) |
---|---|---|---|
R-90 | y = 0.0023x + 0.0971 | 0.98 | 0.00234 |
FA0-90 | y = 0.0026x + 0.0026 | 0.99 | 0.00255 |
FA3-90 | y = 0.0027x + 0.0877 | 0.98 | 0.00267 |
FA10-90 | y = 0.0023x + 0.1482 | 0.98 | 0.00225 |
Sample | Lineal Regression from Day 1 to Day 8 | R2 | Sf (mm/s1/2) |
---|---|---|---|
R-90 | y = 0.0005x + 0.4488 | 0.99 | 0.00049 |
FA0-90 | y = 0.0007x + 0.5685 | 0.98 | 0.00066 |
FA3-90 | y = 0.0027x + 0.0877 | 0.98 | 0.00047 |
FA10-90 | y = 0.0007x + 0.4537 | 0.98 | 0.00067 |
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Ziga-Carbarín, J.; Gómez-Zamorano, L.Y.; Cruz-López, A.; Pushpan, S.; Vázquez-Rodríguez, S.; Balonis, M. Mechanical Properties and Durability of Composite Cement Pastes Containing Phase-Change Materials and Nanosilica. Materials 2024, 17, 3271. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133271
Ziga-Carbarín J, Gómez-Zamorano LY, Cruz-López A, Pushpan S, Vázquez-Rodríguez S, Balonis M. Mechanical Properties and Durability of Composite Cement Pastes Containing Phase-Change Materials and Nanosilica. Materials. 2024; 17(13):3271. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133271
Chicago/Turabian StyleZiga-Carbarín, Javier, Lauren Y. Gómez-Zamorano, Arquímedes Cruz-López, Soorya Pushpan, Sofía Vázquez-Rodríguez, and Magdalena Balonis. 2024. "Mechanical Properties and Durability of Composite Cement Pastes Containing Phase-Change Materials and Nanosilica" Materials 17, no. 13: 3271. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133271