The Influence of Using Recycled Waste Aggregates and Adding TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Corrosion Resistance of Steel Reinforcement Embedded in Cementitious Composite
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Aggregates Characterization and Importance
2.2. Cementitious Composites Characterization and Sample Preparation
2.3. Electrochemical Analysis and Experimental Set-Up
- ➢
- Open circuit potential (OCP) tests were carried out for 1200 min, which made it possible to identify the passive oxide layer’s creation and destruction tendencies and conduct a qualitative investigation of the phenomenon.
- ➢
- The linear polarization test offers quantitative information on the corrosion process and its kinetics. For this study, the potential was swept at a rate of 10 mV/min, over the range ±500 mV from the open circuit potential value. Based on the experimentally obtained diagrams, in Tafel interpretation, the main kinetic indicators were recorded: corrosion potential, corrosion current, corrosion rate, anodic and cathodic slope, and polarization resistance.
- ➢
- Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed to evaluate the mechanism of the corrosion process. The alternating current frequency range used for the studies started at 100 kHz and went up to 100 mHz, with an amplitude of 10 mV. Plots in the Bode (logarithmic representations for impedance-frequency modulus and phase angle–frequency) and Nyquist (an imaginary component of impedance vs real component) representations were created using the impedance spectra that were recorded at the open-circuit potential.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Influence of the Cementitious Matrix on the Thermodynamics of the Reinforcement Corrosion Process Analyzed by the Open Circuit Potential Recording Method
3.2. Influence of the Cementitious Matrix on the Kinetics of the Reinforcement Corrosion Process Analyzed by the Linear Polarization Method in Tafel Interpretation
3.3. Influence of Cementitious Matrix on the Mechanism of the Reinforcement Corrosion Process Analyzed by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Method
3.4. Metal Surface Analysis
4. Conclusions
- ➢
- By analyzing the process from a thermodynamic point of view, there are multiple factors that influence the stability of the passive oxide layer formed on the metal reinforcement surface. First, modifications to the raw material used to produce the cementitious matrix (in this case, a partial substitution of NA with aggregates derived from the recycling of industrial wastes and by-products) will affect the properties of the composite and either increase or decrease the likelihood that a passive oxide layer will form and remain on the surface of the reinforcement. In the same way, the cementitious matrix undergoes structural alterations upon the addition of NT. An additional determining element is the quantity of NT added to the composition; based on the cases examined, it can be approximated that the ideal NT addition is approximately 3% (wt relative to the amount of cement).
- ➢
- By analyzing the kinetics of the corrosion process of reinforcement embedded in cement matrices in the presence of chloride ions, it is possible to conclude that the cement matrix’s composition, the presence of partial NA substitution with recycled waste aggregates, and the addition of NT all have an impact. Therefore, in the scenarios under consideration, the findings suggest that adding 3% NT (weight relative to cement volume) is the optimum option for providing the embedded reinforcement with the best corrosion protection.
- ➢
- The results in terms of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy also support the hypothesis that an addition of 3% NT is preferable, but also the conclusion that the partial substitution of NA induces effects on the corrosion of the embedded reinforcement, this time also in terms of the process mechanism. For all the working variants, the same equivalent electrical circuit was identified, and it can be said that an accumulation of iron ions occurs on the surface of the reinforcement, which is surrounded by a porous iron layer, with the electric charge unlocalized. The large variations between the values of the polarization resistance recorded for the studied samples are due both to the iron ions present on the metal surface and oxide layer and due to the composition, microstructural characteristics, and porosity of the cementitious composite layer covering the reinforcement.
- ➢
- Combining all the aspects of thermodynamics, kinetics, and corrosion mechanism, a classification in terms of the favorable conditions allowing the good strength of the embedded reinforcement in cementitious composites would optimally indicate the mixtures with NA partially substituted with GBA and 3% NT (R4-3NT) and partially substituted with RBA with 3% (R3-3NT) and 5% NT (R3-5NT).
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aggregate Type | Max. Grain Size [mm] EN 933-1 [61] | Density [kg/m3] EN 1097-3 [62] | Inter-Granular Porosity (%) EN 1097-3 [62] | Water Absorption Coefficient (%) EN 1097-6 [63] |
---|---|---|---|---|
NA, 0/4 mm | 4 | 2510 | 35.02 | 2.44 |
NA, 4/8 mm | 8 | 2450 | 39.88 | 1.6 |
RGA, 0/4 mm | 4 | 2330 | 41.28 | 1.2 |
RGA, 4/8 mm | 8 | 2400 | 42.49 | 1.4 |
RBA, 0/4 mm | 4 | 2020 | 63.12 | 4.62 |
GBA, 0/2 mm | 2 | 2440 | 78.15 | 2.21 |
RTA, 0/2 mm | 2 | 1540 | 63.13 | 2.24 |
Sample Code | Aggregate | NT Content (%WT) | Density (kg/m3) EN 1015-10 [79] | Water Absorption Coeff. (%) EN 1015-18 [80] | Compressive Strength (N/mm2) EN 1015-11 [81] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1-0NT | NA | 0 | 2298 | 0.16 | 59.18 |
R1-3NT | 3 | 2453 | 0.09 | 60.73 | |
R1-5NT | 5 | 2405 | 0.03 | 59.04 | |
R2-0NT | NA partially substituted with RGA | 0 | 2262 | 0.09 | 56.93 |
R2-3NT | 3 | 2287 | 0.08 | 57.47 | |
R2-5NT | 5 | 2307 | 0.07 | 56.47 | |
R3-0NT | NA partially substituted with RBA | 0 | 1993 | 0.27 | 57.75 |
R3-3NT | 3 | 2111 | 0.12 | 58.87 | |
R3-5NT | 5 | 2095 | 0.09 | 58.23 | |
R4-0NT | NA partially substituted with GBA | 0 | 2246 | 0.08 | 68.96 |
R4-3NT | 3 | 2331 | 0.03 | 69.55 | |
R4-5NT | 5 | 2334 | 0.04 | 69.88 | |
R5-0NT | NA partially substituted with RTA | 0 | 2054 | 0.37 | 37.58 |
R5-3NT | 3 | 2083 | 0.16 | 43.68 | |
R5-5NT | 5 | 2077 | 0.11 | 35.19 |
Sample Code | E (i = 0) [mV] | Rp [kohm cm2] | icorr [μA/cm2] | βa [mV] | βc [mV] | vcorr [μm/an] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1-0NT | −867.9 | 2.29 | 11.2281 | 229.3 | −130.5 | 131.3 |
R1-3NT | −751.6 | 5.34 | 5.2873 | 593 | −113.2 | 61.84 |
R1-5NT | −556.6 | 20.44 | 0.6444 | 124.6 | −54.1 | 7.537 |
R2-0NT | −347.2 | 31.91 | 0.8605 | 213.4 | −135.7 | 10.06 |
R2-3NT | −290.3 | 68.68 | 0.4741 | 366.6 | −140.6 | 5.545 |
R2-5NT | −457.2 | 48.79 | 0.5366 | 184.8 | −145.7 | 6.276 |
R3-0NT | −457.3 | 21.2 | 1.2836 | 174.2 | −161.2 | 15.01 |
R3-3NT | −292.5 | 149.85 | 0.1759 | 234.6 | −116.5 | 2.057 |
R3-5NT | −232.2 | 391.44 | 0.615759 | 237.5 | −95.8 | 0.7202 |
R4-0NT | −762.6 | 4.66 | 5.8912 | 479.3 | -110 | 68.9 |
R4-3NT | −232.4 | 143.59 | 0.1646 | 281.2 | −96.3 | 1.925 |
R4-5NT | −404.2 | 11.28 | 2.3995 | 191.8 | −149.3 | 28.06 |
R5-0NT | −374.8 | 95.46 | 0.2795 | 262 | −125.4 | 3.268 |
R5-3NT | −801.5 | 2.28 | 12.1256 | 422.6 | −120.7 | 141.8 |
R5-5NT | −709 | 7.99 | 3.7489 | 654.5 | −105.9 | 43.84 |
Sample Code | Rs (kΩ) | CPE-T (mF) | CPE-P | Rp (kΩ) | Rox (kΩ) | CPEox-T (µF) | CPEox-P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1-0NT | 0.30 | 19.6 | 0.6899 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 70 | 0.0839 |
R1-3NT | 0.25 | 12.5 | 0.7399 | 9.9 | 2.1 | 70 | 0.0839 |
R1-5NT | 1.05 | 19.9 | 0.6699 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 70 | 0.0839 |
R2-0NT | 1.60 | 8.1 | 0.6799 | 48 | 1.7 | 70 | 0.0839 |
R2-3NT | 0.80 | 9.1 | 0.7129 | 120 | 1.7 | 70 | 0.0839 |
R2-5NT | 0.25 | 15.5 | 0.7599 | 9.9 | 2.1 | 70 | 0.0839 |
R3-0NT | 2.60 | 8.1 | 0.6299 | 9.6 | 1.9 | 70 | 0.0839 |
R3-3NT | 1.60 | 9.1 | 0.8399 | 48 | 1.7 | 70 | 0.0839 |
R3-5NT | 3.80 | 10.1 | 0.8399 | 30 | 1.7 | 70 | 0.0839 |
R4-0NT | 0.50 | 13.6 | 0.6999 | 15 | 1.5 | 70 | 0.0839 |
R4-3NT | 1.0 | 12.6 | 0.7999 | 25 | 1.7 | 70 | 0.0839 |
R4-5NT | 1.2 | 11.6 | 0.7199 | 6.5 | 2.8 | 70 | 0.0839 |
R5-0NT | 0.02 | 12.6 | 0.7799 | 48 | 1.5 | 70 | 0.0839 |
R5-3NT | 0.02 | 14.6 | 0.6899 | 6.0 | 1.2 | 70 | 0.0839 |
R5-5NT | 0.18 | 17.6 | 0.6889 | 6.0 | 1.2 | 70 | 0.0839 |
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Florean, C.T.; Chira, M.; Vermeșan, H.; Gabor, T.; Hegyi, A.; Crișan, C.A.; Câmpian, C. The Influence of Using Recycled Waste Aggregates and Adding TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Corrosion Resistance of Steel Reinforcement Embedded in Cementitious Composite. Materials 2024, 17, 3895. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163895
Florean CT, Chira M, Vermeșan H, Gabor T, Hegyi A, Crișan CA, Câmpian C. The Influence of Using Recycled Waste Aggregates and Adding TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Corrosion Resistance of Steel Reinforcement Embedded in Cementitious Composite. Materials. 2024; 17(16):3895. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163895
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlorean, Carmen Teodora, Mihail Chira, Horațiu Vermeșan, Timea Gabor, Andreea Hegyi, Claudia Alice Crișan, and Cristina Câmpian. 2024. "The Influence of Using Recycled Waste Aggregates and Adding TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Corrosion Resistance of Steel Reinforcement Embedded in Cementitious Composite" Materials 17, no. 16: 3895. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163895