Characterization of Wear Resistance and Corrosion Resistance of Plasma Paste Borided Layers Produced on Pure Titanium
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructure
3.2. Indentation Hardness
3.3. Wear Resistance
3.4. Corrosion Resistance
4. Conclusions
- Higher wear resistance was characteristic of the TiB2 layer due to its compact character and higher hardness (EIT = 35 ÷ 38 GPa).
- The specific morphology of TiB whiskers and the presence of substrate material between them resulted in their lower wear resistance compared to the outer TiB2 layer.
- Considering the time required for the complete wear of the borided layer, it is more advantageous to boride at a higher temperature, which is, obviously, related to the higher thickness of the layer produced.
- The more noble open circuit potential EOCP was measured for borided specimens.
- The shape of the open circuit potential curve registered for non-borided titanium indicated the tendency of this material to form a protective passive layer.
- The electrochemical parameters (Ecorr and Icorr) estimated from the potentiodynamic polarization curves indicated a higher corrosion resistance of both plasma paste borided specimens compared to the non-borided titanium.
- The thickness of the outer TiB2 zone determined the corrosion resistance of the borided specimens. In the case of a TiB2 layer of low thickness, pitting, which occurs quickly during the test, breaks through this zone easily, and corrosion of the TiB whisker zone occurs. The higher thickness of the TiB2 zone hindered the penetration of pits into the TiB whisker zone.
- Since the TiB whisker zone is not a continuous zone, but there is substrate material between the whiskers, the TiB whisker zone is not an effective barrier against further corrosion.
- The shape of the potentiodynamic polarization curve indicated that only non-borided titanium had a tendency toward passivation.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zone | Specimen Borided at 750 °C for 6 h | Specimen Borided at 850 °C for 6 h | Non-Borided Specimen | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
slope | R2 | slope | R2 | slope | R2 | |
TiB2 | 0.000013 min−1 | 1 | 0.000011 min−1 | 0.993 | - | |
TiB | 0.000064 min−1 | 1 | 0.000051 min−1 | 0.993 | - | |
Ti (substrate) | 0.000202 min−1 | 0.978 | 0.000169 min−1 | 0.995 | 0.000231 min−1 | 0.985 |
Wear Stage | Specimen Borided at 750 °C for 6 h | Specimen Borided at 850 °C for 6 h | |
---|---|---|---|
First | Depth of the worn tracks (µm) | 1.93 | 3.94 |
Thickness of TiB2 layer UTiB2 (µm) | 2.42 | 4.14 | |
Second | Depth of the worn tracks (µm) | 4.51 | 6.21 |
Total thickness of layer TiB2 + TiB UTiB2+TiB (µm) | 3.61 | 7.30 |
Zone | Borided Specimen at 750 °C for 6 h | Borided Specimen at 850°C for 6 h | Non-Borided Specimen |
---|---|---|---|
TiB2 | 0.0712 mg/min | 0.0617 mg/min | - |
TiB | 0.2233 mg/min | 0.2101 mg/min | - |
Ti (substrate) | 0.8832 mg/min | 0.7285 mg/min | 1.1204 mg/min |
Ref. | Substrate Material/Boriding Method | Boriding Parameters | TiB2 Layer Thickness (µm) | Total Layer Thickness (µm) | Results of Wear Test | Conditions of Wear Test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[11] | Cp-Ti/plasma paste boriding | non-borided 800 °C/3 h 800 °C/6 h 850 °C/3 h 850 °C/6 h | - 2.44 3.51 3.32 4.04 | - 3.97 5.11 5.46 7.30 | Δm/mi = 0.000965 Δm/mi = 0.000175 Δm/mi = 0.000087 Δm/mi = 0.000123 Δm/mi = 0.000105 | Load: 19.6 N; Counter-specimen: low-temperature tempered 100CrMnSi6-4 steel Test duration: 30 min. |
[12] | Cp-Ti/powder boriding | non-borided 880 °C/20 h 920 °C/20 h | - 5 10 | - 70 40 | COF = 0.432; Δm/mi = 0.00048 COF = 0.353; Δm/mi = 0.00032 COF = 0.284; Δm/mi = 0.00011 | Load: 10 N; Counter-specimen: Al2O3 Test duration: 30 min. |
[13] | Cp-Ti/liquid boriding | non-borided 1000 °C/12 h | - 9.4 | - 42.4 | Δm/mi = 0.00396 Δm/mi = 0.00074 | Load: 9.81 N; Counter-specimen: low-temperature tempered 100CrMnSi6-4 steel Test duration: 60 min. |
[13] | Ti6Al4V/liquid boriding | non-borided 1000 °C/12 h | - 7.8 | - 25.7 | Δm/mi = 0.00381 Δm/mi = 0.00073 | Load: 9.81 N; Counter-specimen: low-temperature tempered 100CrMnSi6-4 steel Test duration: 30 min. |
[16] | Ti6Al4V/powder boriding | non-borided 1100 °C/2.5 h | - 10 | - 60 | COF = 0.772; RWR = 100% COF = 0.381; RWR = 1% | Load: 12 N Counter-specimen: sapphire ball Test duration: 150 min. |
[18] | TB2/ powder boriding | non-borided 1100 °C/20 h | - 7.01 | - 21.84 | Δm = 1.52 mg; Δm/mi = 0.00034 Δm = 0.61 mg; Δm/mi = 0.00014 | Load: 10 N; Counter-specimen: Al2O3 Test duration: 30 min. |
[this work] | Cp-Ti/ plasma paste boriding | non-borided 750 °C/6 h 750 °C/6 h 850 °C/6 h 850 °C/6 h | - 2.4 2.4 4.1 4.1 | - 3.6 3.6 7.3 7.3 | Δm/ti = 1.1204 mg/min. TiB2: Δm/t= 0.0712 mg/min. TiB: Δm/t= 0.2233 mg/min. TiB2: Δm/t= 0.0617 mg/min. TiB: Δm/t = 0.2101 mg/min. | Load: 9.81 N; Counter-specimen: low-temperature tempered 100CrMnSi6-4 steel Test duration: 140 min. |
Parameter | Borided Specimen at 750 °C for 6 h | Borided Specimen at 850 °C for 6 h | Non-Borided Specimen |
---|---|---|---|
Ecorr (V) | −1.091 | −0.985 | −1.341 |
Icorr (A/cm2) | 1.56 × 10−7 | 7.78 × 10−8 | 8.73 × 10−7 |
Ipass (A/cm2) | - | - | 1.96 × 10−6 |
CR (µm/year) | 25.679 | 12.522 | 138.450 |
Ref. | Substrate Material/Boriding Method | Boriding Parameters | TiB2 Layer Thickness (µm) | Total Layer Thickness (µm) | Corrosive Solution | Ecorr (V) | Icorr (A/cm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[12] | Cp-Ti/powder boriding | non-borided 880 °C/20 h 920 °C/20 h non-borided 880 °C/20 h 920 °C/20 h | - 5 10 - 5 10 | - 70 40 - 70 40 | 3.5% NaCl 3.5% NaCl 3.5% NaCl 5% H2SO4 5% H2SO4 5% H2SO4 | −1.229 −0.897 −0.562 −0.468 −0.438 −0.429 | 1.414 × 10−6 0.933 × 10−6 0.465 × 10−11 1.101 × 10−6 0.802 × 10−6 0.157 × 10−6 |
[19] | Ti-5Al-2.5Sn/ powder boriding | non-borided 975 °C/12 h 1000 °C/12 h 1025 °C/12 h 1050 °C/12 h 1075 °C/12 h non-borided 975 °C/12 h 1000 °C/12 h 1025 °C/12 h 1050 °C/12 h 1075 °C/12 h | - 13 15 16 16 17 - 13 15 16 16 17 | - 22 27 33 43 46 - 22 27 33 43 46 | 3.5% NaCl 3.5% NaCl 3.5% NaCl 3.5% NaCl 3.5% NaCl 3.5% NaCl 5% H2SO4 5% H2SO4 5% H2SO4 5% H2SO4 5% H2SO4 5% H2SO4 | −0.655 −0.566 −0.533 −0.494 −0.424 −0.813 −0.757 −0.757 −0.666 −0.590 −0.506 −0.489 | 0.231 × 10−8 0.129 × 10−8 0.071 × 10−8 0.059 × 10−8 0.044 × 10−8 0.032 × 10−8 0.370 × 10−5 0.135 × 10−5 0.228 × 10−6 0.079 × 10−6 0.044 × 10−6 0.028 × 10−8 |
[this work] | Cp-Ti/ plasma paste boriding | non-borided 750 °C/6 h 850 °C/6 h | - 2.4 4.1 | - 3.6 7.3 | 3.5% NaCl 3.5% NaCl 3.5% NaCl | −1.341 −1.091 −0.985 | 0.773 × 10−6 0.156 × 10−6 0.778 × 10−7 |
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Dziarski, P.; Makuch, N. Characterization of Wear Resistance and Corrosion Resistance of Plasma Paste Borided Layers Produced on Pure Titanium. Materials 2024, 17, 3922. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163922
Dziarski P, Makuch N. Characterization of Wear Resistance and Corrosion Resistance of Plasma Paste Borided Layers Produced on Pure Titanium. Materials. 2024; 17(16):3922. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163922
Chicago/Turabian StyleDziarski, Piotr, and Natalia Makuch. 2024. "Characterization of Wear Resistance and Corrosion Resistance of Plasma Paste Borided Layers Produced on Pure Titanium" Materials 17, no. 16: 3922. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163922