Performance of a Ship-Based Cupronickel Alloy in Exposure Conditions of Arabian Seawater—A Comparative Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiment and Methods
3. Experimental Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
- Significantly higher average corrosion rates (ranging between 0.3 and 0.5 mm/y and decreasing with an increase in exposure duration) were observed on coupons exposed to pollutant-rich harbor seawater, whereas the corrosion rates observed in natural seawater conditions were far lower (ranging between 12 and 50 µm/y and decreasing with the exposure duration). The latter were found similar to those reported in the previously published literature for natural seawater conditions.
- The chemical composition of the polluted harbor seawater, primarily due to the higher levels of DINs and sulfur-containing compounds and relatively lower levels of pH and DO, can be the major cause of accelerated corrosion rates and losses.
- After an exposure duration of 150 days, among the experimental coupons, approximately five- to six-times higher average corrosion losses and corrosion rates were observed in the Cu-Ni 90/10 coupons placed in the polluted seawater compared to those in the natural seawater.
- On the basis of the spectroscopic analysis and characterization, these higher corrosion losses may be attributed to the significant role of DINs, sulfur compounds and the chloride content in the polluted harbor seawater site.
- The DM-based corrosion measurement approaches (micrometry and image analyzer) provided localized corrosion loss data of superior quality in the form of a corrosion depth profile, especially in the case of the heat exchanger. The thickness loss data measured using DM-based methods are more realistic and instrumental (than the average mass loss data) in statistical analyses for corrosion prediction modeling and remaining useful life/reliability estimations.
- Spectroscopic techniques provide highly useful data for the characterization of deposits, the elemental composition and the compounds formed on heat exchanger tubes exposed to polluted seawater for a duration of more than ten years. In the EDS graphs and EDS mapping, significantly higher S and Cl levels were observed in the corrosion deposits accumulated on the failed tubes of the heat exchanger exposed to the polluted seawater site.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cu | Ni | Fe | Mn | Al | Si |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R | 9.95 | 1.14 | 0.88 | 0.13 | <0.09 |
Parameters | Natural Seawater | Polluted Seawater |
---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | 25–30 | 25–30 |
pH Level | 7.5–8.2 | 6.9–7.4 |
DO (mg/L) | >3.5 | 0.63 ± 0.39 |
EC (mS/m) | 50 | 63 ± 4.8 |
Nitrates (mg/L) | <0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.3 |
Chloride (mg/L) | 18,000 ± 500 | 21,000 ± 1000 |
Sulfate (ppm) | 1900 | 2900 |
O | Na | Mg | Al | Si | S | Cl | K | Ca | Fe | Ni | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
41.9 | 3.3 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 2 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 5.8 | 2.9 | 30.1 |
40.5 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 0.2 | 2.17 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 38.1 |
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Sarfraz, S.A.; Abbas, M.; Ahmad, N.M. Performance of a Ship-Based Cupronickel Alloy in Exposure Conditions of Arabian Seawater—A Comparative Study. Materials 2024, 17, 3940. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163940
Sarfraz SA, Abbas M, Ahmad NM. Performance of a Ship-Based Cupronickel Alloy in Exposure Conditions of Arabian Seawater—A Comparative Study. Materials. 2024; 17(16):3940. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163940
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarfraz, Syed Ali, Muntazir Abbas, and Nasir Mahmood Ahmad. 2024. "Performance of a Ship-Based Cupronickel Alloy in Exposure Conditions of Arabian Seawater—A Comparative Study" Materials 17, no. 16: 3940. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163940