Effects of Mix Components on Fracture Properties of Seawater Volcanic Scoria Aggregate Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Concrete Mix
2.3. Experiment Design
2.3.1. Specimen Design and Fabrication
2.3.2. Loading Setup and Program
3. Results
3.1. Failure Phenomenon
3.1.1. Failure Pattern
3.1.2. Crack Propagation and Characteristics
- Crack propagation pattern;
- 2.
- Crack characteristics.
3.2. Physical Properties of SVSAC
3.3. Fracture Characteristic Loads
3.3.1. Pini
3.3.2. Pmax
3.4. P-CMOD and P-CTOD Curves
3.5. Fracture Energy and Characteristic Length
3.5.1. Fracture Energy
3.5.2. Characteristic Length
3.6. Double-K Fracture Parameters and Tension-Softening (σ-CTOD) Relations
3.6.1. Double-K Fracture Toughness
- Determination of fracture toughness;
- 2.
- Fracture toughness.
3.6.2. σ-CTOD Relations
4. Theoretical Analyses of Tension-Softening Curve
4.1. General Expression
4.2. Critical Parameters
5. Numerical Simulation Analyses of Fracture
5.1. FE Model of SVSAC Specimen
5.1.1. FE Types and Material Properties
5.1.2. Establishment of FE Model of Fracture Specimen
5.1.3. Validity of FE Model
5.2. Numerical Results of SVSAC
5.3. Analytical Model of Fracture Toughness Considering Size Effect and Mix Component
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The failure characteristics of three-point bending beams were significantly changed after adopting VSCA. Compared to the OC specimen, the crack initiation of SVSAC was earlier (60% of Pmax), and the cracking width and length of the SVSAC specimen increased by 4.88% and 28.32%, respectively. The adoption of VSCA accelerated the crack initiation and propagation of concrete, while SW and SS could inhabit its influence before 80% of Pmax (post peak point).
- (2)
- The fracture characteristic loads (i.e., Pini and Pmax), Gf, and Lch of the SVSAC specimen decreased with increasing a0/h, and VSCA enhanced these effects. The Pini (Pmax) of specimens adopting VSCA was 10.94% (9.47%) inferior to that of the OC specimen, and this difference became small (4%) after using SW and SS. The fracture energies of the SVSAC and VSAC specimens were significantly decreased. Generally, the Lch value of SVSAC was, on average, 59.49% lower than that of OC.
- (3)
- The P-CTOD and σ-CTOD curves of SVSAC were characterized by rapid decline. The effect of a0/h on fracture toughness was minor, while the and of SVSAC decreased by 8.55% and 36.17% in comparison with those of OC, respectively. The tensile stress transmitted by the cracking surface of specimens adopting VSCA was significantly inferior to OC under a similar crack width, and this difference can be partly improved through using SW and SS in the early stage of loading. The improvements of SW and SS on the cracking and σ transmission of SVSAC became negligible when CTOD reached 0.1 mm.
- (4)
- A finite element model was developed to analyze the fracture behavior of SVSAC. The numerical results showed that the fracture toughness ( and ) was greatly improved through changing the size of the specimen, i.e., beam height, length, and width. The P-CMOD curves of SVSAC became steep after increasing the specimen height and width.
- (5)
- Analytical models for the double-K fracture toughness and σ-CTOD relation of SVSAC considering the effects of mix components and specimen size were established. The fracture properties of SVSAC would be efficiently predicted by the models.
- (6)
- The VSCA, SW, and SS could change the micro- and macrostructures of concrete, causing variations in the fracture of SVSAC. Thus, further research works should be performed together with more testing techniques (e.g., XRF, XRD, X-ray spectroscopy) to deeply and completely investigate the performance of SVSAC.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | Size (mm) | ρb (kg·m−3) | ρa (kg·m−3) | ωa (kg·m−3) | CL (%) | CR (%) | α (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gravel | 5.0–31.5 | 1560 | 2590 | 1.2 | - | 8.49 | - |
VSCA | 5.0–31.5 | 708 | 1647 | 14.81 | - | 26.4 | - |
SS | 0.15–4.75 | 1579 | - | - | 0.72 | - | 1.8 |
RS | 0.15–4.75 | 1611 | - | - | 2.90 | - | - |
Concrete Type | Cement | FW | SW | RS | SS | Gravel | VSCA | Water-Reducing Agent |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OC | 285 | 190 | - | 676 | - | 1202 | - | - |
SVSAC | 459 | - | 265 | - | 834 | - | 638 | 0.4 |
VSAC | 459 | 256 | - | 834 | - | - | 638 | 0.4 |
Specimen Number | Coarse Aggregates | Fine Aggregates | Water | a0/h |
---|---|---|---|---|
OC-0.2 | Gravel | RS | FW | 0.2 |
OC-0.3 | Gravel | RS | FW | 0.3 |
OC-0.4 | Gravel | RS | FW | 0.4 |
SVSAC-0.2 | VSCA | SS | SW | 0.2 |
SVSAC-0.3 | VSCA | SS | SW | 0.3 |
SVSAC-0.4 | VSCA | SS | SW | 0.4 |
VSAC-0.2 | VSCA | RS | FW | 0.2 |
VSAC-0.3 | VSCA | RS | FW | 0.3 |
VSAC-0.4 | VSCA | RS | FW | 0.4 |
Specimen Number | Concrete Type | fcu (MPa) | fc (MPa) | ft (MPa) | Ec (GPa) | ρd (kg·m−3) | Pini (kN) | Pmax (kN) | (MPa·m1/2) | (MPa·m1/2) | ac (mm) | Gf (N·m−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OC-0.2 | OC | 38.3 | 33.2 | 2.83 | 24.2 | 2208 | 2.73 | 4.77 | 0.92 | 2.815 | 0.097 | 154.955 |
OC-0.3 | 2.16 | 3.72 | 0.96 | 2.79 | 0.1165 | 132.05 | ||||||
OC-0.4 | 1.62 | 2.86 | 0.99 | 2.64 | 0.127 | 117.29 | ||||||
SVSAC-0.2 | SVSAC | 39.2 | 37.2 | 3.22 | 17.1 | 1836 | 2.66 | 4.31 | 0.765 | 1.83 | 0.0865 | 115.8 |
SVSAC-0.3 | 1.94 | 3.50 | 0.89 | 1.785 | 0.0895 | 83.45 | ||||||
SVSAC-0.4 | 1.40 | 2.62 | 0.975 | 1.65 | 0.099 | 73.3 | ||||||
VSAC-0.2 | VSAC | 37.5 | 36.6 | 3.14 | 16.6 | 1809 | 2.53 | 3.95 | 0.745 | 1.495 | 0.076 | 102.7 |
VSAC-0.3 | 1.87 | 3.13 | 0.845 | 1.375 | 0.079 | 78.8 | ||||||
VSAC-0.4 | 1.32 | 2.19 | 0.965 | 1.32 | 0.0915 | 72.1 |
Specimen Number | H (mm) | L (mm) | W (mm) | Pmax (kN) | (MPa·m1/2) | (MPa·m1/2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 150 | 1190 | 100 | 2.093 | 1.081 | 2.136 |
2 | 200 | 1190 | 100 | 3.477 | 0.893 | 1.716 |
3 | 250 | 1190 | 100 | 5.166 | 0.814 | 1.444 |
4 | 300 | 1190 | 100 | 7.834 | 0.777 | 1.378 |
5 | 200 | 900 | 100 | 4.627 | 0.754 | 1.146 |
6 | 200 | 1190 | 100 | 3.477 | 0.893 | 1.716 |
7 | 200 | 1500 | 100 | 2.695 | 1.188 | 2.433 |
8 | 200 | 1800 | 100 | 2.206 | 1.528 | 3.351 |
9 | 200 | 1190 | 80 | 2.771 | 0.929 | 1.714 |
10 | 200 | 1190 | 100 | 3.477 | 0.893 | 1.716 |
11 | 200 | 1190 | 120 | 4.161 | 0.919 | 1.712 |
12 | 200 | 1190 | 140 | 5.544 | 0.986 | 1.741 |
Specimen | γ (g/L) | k (%) | Test Value (MPa·m1/2) | Calculated Value (MPa·m1/2) | Test Value (MPa·m1/2) | Calculated Value (MPa·m1/2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OC | 0 | 8.49 | 0.957 | 0.927 | 2.748 | 2.739 |
VSAC | 0 | 26.4 | 0.852 | 0.711 | 1.397 | 1.119 |
SVSAC | 2.08 | 26.4 | 0.877 | 0.880 | 1.755 | 1.660 |
HHL-0.4 [32] | 1.84 | 9.605 | 0.980 | 0.923 | 2.000 | 2.022 |
C40-1 [57] | 0 | / | 0.847 | 0.849 | 1.504 | 1.598 |
SE30-1 [58] | 0 | / | 0.802 | 0.845 | 1.560 | 1.550 |
0.3-1 [59] | 0 | / | 1.034 | 1.034 | 2.072 | 2.073 |
MG100 [60] | 0 | 26.2 | 0.680 | 0.718 | 0.890 | 9.048 |
RAC100 [61] | 0 | 13 | 0.472 | 0.472 | 1.143 | 1.135 |
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Huang, Y.; Zheng, L.; Li, P.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, Y. Effects of Mix Components on Fracture Properties of Seawater Volcanic Scoria Aggregate Concrete. Materials 2024, 17, 4100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164100
Huang Y, Zheng L, Li P, Wang Q, Zhang Y. Effects of Mix Components on Fracture Properties of Seawater Volcanic Scoria Aggregate Concrete. Materials. 2024; 17(16):4100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164100
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Yijie, Lina Zheng, Peng Li, Qing Wang, and Yukun Zhang. 2024. "Effects of Mix Components on Fracture Properties of Seawater Volcanic Scoria Aggregate Concrete" Materials 17, no. 16: 4100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164100